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Since ancient times, the value of chicken soup______
A．has been over-estimated
B．has been widely acknowledged
C．has been appreciated only by philosophers
D．has been known only to mothers
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The practice of capital punishment is as old as government itself. For most of history, it has not been considered controversial. Since ancient times most governments have punished a wide variety of crimes by death and have conducted executions as a routine part of the administration of criminal law. However, in the mid-18th century, social critics in Europe began to emphasize the worth of the individual and to criticize government practices they considered unjust, including capital punishment. The controversy and debate over whether governments should utilize the death penalty continue today.
The first significant movement to abolish the death penalty began during the era known as the Age of Enlightenment. In 1764 Italian jurist and philosopher Cesare Becearia published an essay on Crimes and Punishments. Many consider this influential work the leading document in the early campaign against capital punishment. Other individuals who campaigned against executions during this period include French authors Voltaire and Denis Diderot, British philosophers David Hume and Adam Smith, and political theorist Thomas Paine in the United States.
Critics of capital punishment argue that it is cruel and inhumane, while supporters consider it a necessary form. of revenge for terrible crimes. Those who advocate the death penalty declare that it is a uniquely effective punishment that prevents crime. However, advocates and opponents of the death penalty dispute the proper interpretation of statistical analyses of its preventing effect. Opponents of capital punishment see the death penalty as a human rights issue involving the proper limits of governmental power. In contrast, those who want governments to continue to execute tend to regard capital punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. Because of these alternative viewpoints, there is a profound difference of opinion not only about what is the fight answer on capital punishment, but also about what type of question is being asked when the death penalty becomes a public issue.
We can learn from the first paragraph that in ancient times ______.
A．death penalty had been carried out before government came into being
B．people thought it was right for the government to conduct executions
C．death penalty was practiced scarcely in European countries
D．many people considered capital punishment unjust and cruel
A.old
B.ancient
C.antique
D.advanced
Of these factors, usefulness has probably been the most decisive. In ancient societies, as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and produce. Since all economic aspects of a society were closely tied to the operations of government, literacy became useful and even necessary for the keeping of records by officials. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy.
During the early Middle Ages, with the general breakdown of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literacy became largely confined to the church. But in the late Middle Ages, in the period of the Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world—usefulness.
With the invention of the printing press and inexpensive paper late in the 15th century there was for the first time a great availability of reading material for a much greater number of people. Religious reformers were among the first to utilize the situation, quickly getting translations of the Bible and educational tracts and booklets into the hands of many people.
The broadened religious enlightenment that resulted was followed in later centuries by a political one. Political theorists who favored doctrines promoting the natural rights of man called for an attack upon illiteracy. Political revolutions, particularly in the United States and France, helped inaugurate an era in which all classes were called upon to become informed on public policy for their own welfare. Against this political background there emerged the movement for universal popular education. Literacy came to be understood as a means whereby the individual could benefit and advance,* and gradually whole societies began to acknowledge that universal literacy among their citizens was an avenue to greater economic well-being.
What do we learn from the first paragraph？______
A．It is fairly easy to determine literacy
B．There is no illiteracy in a rich country
C．History sees an even progress towards literacy
D．In history literacy suffers ups and downs
The umbrella was used only by royal people or those in high office______.
A．in Europe in the eighteenth century
B．in ancient Egypt and Babylon
C．in the Far East in ancient times
D．during the Middle Ages
Today electronic monetary systems are gradually being introduced that will transform. money into even less tangible forms,reducing it to a series of "bits and bytes" ,or units of computerized information, going between machines at the speed of light.
Already, electronic fund transfer allows money to be instantly sent and received by different banks, companies, and countries through computers and telecommunications devices.
1、According to the passage, which of the following was the earliest kind of exchange of wealth？
A.Bartered goods.
B.Fiat money
C.Coin currency
D.Intangible forms
Which of the following statements about computerized monetary systems is NOT supported by the passage？A.They promote international trade.
B.The allow very rapid money transfers.
C.They are still limited to small transactions
D.They are dependent on good telecommunications systems.
The author mentions food,tools and precious metals and stones together because they are all__________.A.useful items
B.articles of value
C.difficult things to obtain
D.material objects
According to the passage, coins once had real value currency because they__________.A.represented a great improvement over barter
B.permitted easy transportation of wealth
C.were made of precious metals
D.could become collector's items
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A、An amount less than the stated interest rate times the principal.
B、An amount more than the stated interest rate times the principal.
C、An amount equal to the stated interest rate times the principal.
D、The company may skip the first interest payment date since the appropriate time has not passed.
(42)Nobody knows who first invented it but the umbrella was used in very ancient times.Probably the first to use it were the Chinese,way back in the eleventh century B C.We know that the umbrella was also used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade.
(43) And there was a strange thing connected with its use--it became a symbol of honor and authority.In the Far East in ancient times,the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royal people or by those in high office.n Europe,the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade.And the umbrella was in commonly use in ancient Greece.
(44) But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrellas as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans.Duringthe Middle Ages,the use of the umbrella practically disappeared.Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century.And again it became a symbol of power and authority. Umbrellas have hot changed much in style. during all this time,though they have become much lighter in weight.
(45) It wasn’t until the twentieth century that women ’s umbrellas began to made in a variety of colors.
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2 In an article on the new manners, Ms. Holmes says that a perfectly able woman no longer has to act helplessly in public as if she were a model. For example, she doesn't need help getting in and out of cars. "Women get in and out of cars twenty times a day with babies and dogs. Surely they can get out by themselves at night just as easily."
3 She also says there is no reason why a man should walk on the outside of a woman on the sidewalk. "Historically, the man walked on the inside so he caught the garbage thrown out of a window. Today a man is supposed to walk on the outside. A man should walk where he wants to. So should a woman. If, out of love and respect, he actually wants to take the blows, he should walk on the inside — because that's where attackers are all hiding these days."
4 As far as manners are concerned, I suppose I have always been a supporter of women's liberation. Over the years, out of a sense of respect, I imagine, I have refused to trouble women with outdated courtesies.
5 It is usually easier to follow rules of social behaviour than to depend on one's own taste. But rules may be safely broken, of course, by those of us with the gift of natural grace. For example, a woman is expected to sit in the chair. That is according to Ms. Ann Clark. I have always done it the other way, according to my wife.
6 It came up only the other night. I followed the hostess to the table, and when she pulled the chair out I sat on it, quite naturally, since it happened to be the chair I wanted to sit in.
7 "Well," my wife said, when the hostess had gone, "you did it again."
8 "Did what？" I asked, utterly confused.
9 "Took the chair."
10 Actually, since I'd walked through the restaurant ahead of my wife, it would have been awkward, I should think, not to have taken the chair. I had got there first, after all.
11 Also, it has always been my custom to get in a car first, and let the woman get in by herself. This is a courtesy I insist on as the stronger sex, out of love and respect. In times like these, there might be attackers hidden about. It would be unsuitable to put a woman in a car and then shut the door on her, leaving her at the mercy of some bad fellow who might be hiding in the back seat.
It can be concluded from the passage that______.
A．men should walk on the inside of a sidewalk.
B．women are becoming more capable than before.
C．in women's liberation men are also liberated.
D．it's safe to break rules of social behaviour.
Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.
Court decisions always went against railroad workers. A Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchman's negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchman acted carefully, was a "pure accident". In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another.
In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jury's decision because it argued that the railroad's negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.
As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroads— against their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals.
Which of the following is NOT true in Farwell's case？
A．Farwell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.
B．Farwell would not have been injured if the switchman had been more careful.
C．The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly taken his job.
D．The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.
American Dreams
There is a common response to America among foreign writers:the US is a land of extremes where the best of things qre just as easily found as the worst.This is a cliche(陈词滥调).
In the land of black and white,people should not be too surprised to find some of the biggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world.But the American Dream offers a way out to everyone.(46) No class system or govemment stands in the way.
Sadly,this old argument is no longer true.Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy.
The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened.(47)
Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent.For the top 1 per cent,however,it has gone up 200 per cent.Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth.(48)
Inequalities have grown worse in different regions.In California,incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969.(49) This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans.The wealthiest 1 per cent of households now control a third of the national wealth.There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty.At 12.7 per cent of the population,it is the highest percentage in the developed world.
Yet the tax burden on America’s rich is falling,not growing.(50) There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole.But clearly that theory has not worked in reality.
A.Nobody is poor in the US.
B.The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.
C.For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.
D.Now it is 9.8 times.
E.As it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.
F.All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.
