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One of medicine's fundamental beliefs about pregnancy and the development of the human fet

us has been challenged. Until recently, it was thought that the fetus was a parasite capable of extracting all the nutrients it needed from the mother. It is now realized that adequate nutrition during the entire course of the pregnancy is necessary for proper fetal development.

In early pregnancy, certain changes occur in the mother's gastrointestinal tract, resulting in more efficient absorption of specific nutrients, such as iron and calcium. Furthermore, the maternal blood supply increases, so that nutrients can be transported via the uterine and placental blood systems: If the mother is undernourished, this "lifeline" to the fetus will be inadequately developed. Finally, fat is accumulated within the body to store the energy necessary for lactation (milk production), This preparation for lactation is so important that if the mother is inadequately nourished, it will take place even at the expense of fetal growth. It is a logical developmental occurrence, since in the natural world, no infant can survive without successful breastfeeding, and thus fetal growth is less of a priority.

According to the passage, which of the following is required for lactation？

A．Fat storage.

B．Iron and calcium.

C．Increased blood supply.

D．A well-nourished placenta.

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更多“One of medicine's fundamental …”相关的问题

第1题

Questions are based on the following passage．He was a qualified doctor who rarely practice

Questions are based on the following passage．

He was a qualified doctor who rarely practiced but instead devoted his life to writing．He once said: "Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my lover．" Russian writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a great playwright and one of the masters of the modem short story．

(77) When Chekhov entered the Moscow University Medical School in 1879, he started to publish hundreds of comic short stories to support his family． After he graduated, he wrote regularly for a local daily newspaper．

As a writer he was extremely fast, often producing a short story in an hour or less． Chekhov&39;s medical and science experience can be seen through the indifference（冷漠) many of his characters show to tragic events． In 1892, he became a full time writer and published some of his most memorable stories．

Chekhov often wrote about the sufferings of life in small town Russia． Tragic events control his characters who are filled with feelings of hopelessness and despair．

It is often said that nothing happens in Chekhov&39;s stories and plays． He made up for this with his exciting technique for developing drama within his characters． (78) Chekhov&39;s work combined the calm attitude of a scientist and doctor with the sensitivity(敏感）of an artist．

Some of Chekhov&39;s works were translated into Chinese as early as the 1940s． One of his famous stories, The Man in a Shell (装在套子里的人), about a school teacher&39;s extraordinarily orderly life, was selected as a text for Chinese senior students．

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov__________ 查看材料

A.had a lawful lover

B.was an illegal writer

C.used to be a lawyer

D.was a competent doctor

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第2题

①堵车；②师傅；③距离（）

A.①dū chē；②shī fu；③jì lí

B.①dǔ chē；②shī fu；③jù lí

C.①dǔ chē；②sī fu；③jù lí

D.①dǔ chē；②shī fu；③jì lí

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第3题

The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively eras

The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints

One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls(萝状指纹)and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints．Losing them could become troublesome．A case【51】______online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a【52】______losing finger prints is．

Eng-Huat Tan，a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year-old man who has used capecitabine(卡培他滨)to【53】______his nasopharyngeal cancer(鼻咽症)．After three years on the【54】______，the patient decided to visit his U．S．relatives last December．But he was stopped by U．S． customs officials【55】______4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get finger prints from the man．There were no【56】______swirly(旋涡状的)marks appearing from his index fin ger．

U．S．customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years，Tan says．Unfortunately， for the Singaporean traveler，one potential【57】______effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads．【58】______，no fingerprints．

“It is uncertain when fingerprint【59】______will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，”Tan points out．So he【60】______any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with a doctor's【61】______pointing Out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear．

Eventually，the Singaporean traveler made it into the United States．But he's also now got the explanatory doctor's note-and won't leave home【62】______it．

By the way，maybe the Food and Drug Administration，【63】______approved use of the drug 11 years ago，should consider updating its list of side effects【64】______with this medicine．The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting(呕吐)，stomach pain and some other side effects． But no where【65】______it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints．

(51)

A．released

B．suggested

C．accepted

D．detected

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第4题

seafoodrice【'siːfuːd】【raɪs】是海鲜饭（）

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第5题

自动空气开关的电气符号是：（）。

A.S

B.QF

C.FR

D.FU

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第6题

John' s youngest sons___ medicine

A.putting up with

B.making up for

C.going in for

D.standing up for

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第7题

Health Care and Epidemics （流行病)Everyone suffers from disease at some time or another.Ho

Health Care and Epidemics (流行病)

Everyone suffers from disease at some time or another. However, millions of people around the world do not have good health care. Sometimes they have no money to pay for medical treatment. Sometimes they have money, but there is no doctor. Sometimes the doctor does not know how to treat the disease, and sometimes there is no treatment. Some people are afraid of doctors. When these conditions are present in large population centers, epidemics can start.

Epidemics can change history. Explorations and wars cause different groups of people to come into contact with other. They carry strange disease to each other. For example, when the Europeans first came to North and South America, they brought diseases with them that killed about 95 percent of the Native American population.

People are very afraid of unknown things, especially diseases. People have all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat disease. Some people think that if you eat lots of onions or garlic, you won' t get sick. Others say you should take huge amounts of vitamins. Scientific experiments have not proved most of these theories. However, people still spend millions of dollars on vitamins and other probably useless treatments or preventatives. Some people want antibiotics whenever they get sick. Some antibiotics are very expensive. Much of this money is wasted because some diseases are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they cause different kinds of diseases. Antibiotics are useless against viruses.

Because of their fear, people can be cruel to victims of disease. Sometimes they fire them from their jobs, throw them out of their apartments, and refuse them transportation services.

In the plague (瘟疫) epidemics a few hundred years ago, people simply covered the doors and windows of the victim' s houses and left them to die inside, all in an effort to protect themselves from getting sick.

Doctors know how most epidemic diseases spread. Some, like tuberculosis, are spread when people' s sneeze (喷嚏) sends the bacteria shooting out into the air. Then they enter the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.

Others are spread through human contact, such as on the hands. When you are sick and blow your nose, you get viruses or bacteria on your hands. Then you touch another person' s hand, and when that person touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the disease enters the body. Some diseases spread when people touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can pick up a disease when you touch things in public buildings.

Other diseases are spread through insects such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks.

One disease that causes frequent, worldwide epidemics is influenza, or flu for short. The symptoms (症状) of influenza include headache and sometimes a runny nose. Some victims get sick to their stomachs. These symptoms are similar to symptoms of other, milder diseases. Influenza can be a much more serious disease, especially for pregnant women, people over sixty-five, and people already suffering from another disease, such as heart problems. About half of all flu patients have a high body temperature, called a fever. Flu is very contagious. One person catches the flu from another person; it doesn't begin inside the body as heart disease does.

Sometimes medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it can make a person cough less, make headaches less intense, and stop noses from running for a while. However, medicine can ' t always cure the disease. So far, there is no cure for many diseases and no medicine to prevent them. People have to try to prevent them in other ways.

Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination (接种疫苗). A liquid vaccine is injected into the arm or taken by mouth and the person is safe from catching that

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第8题

Questions are based on the following passage． Saying they can no longer ignore the rising

Questions are based on the following passage．

Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care， some of the most influentialmedical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs， not just the effectiveness of treatments， as they make decisions about patient care．The shift， little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it，suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles， from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent．In practical terms， the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment—at the end of life， for example—is too expensive．In the extreme， some critics have said that making treatment decisionsbased on cost is a form. of rationing．Traditionally， guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine， and the latest ones areexpected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions， even though there"s no obligation to follow them．Medical society guidelines are also used by insurancecomoanies to help determine reimbursement （报销） policies．Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and fmancial

Overseers．"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget， but they shouldn"t be functioning simultaneously as doctors，" said Dr．Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital．He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients， "I"m not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it"s bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts．" Doctors can face some grim trade—offs．Studies have shown， for example， that two drugs are about

equally effective in treating macular degeneration， and eye disease．But one costs $ 50 a dose and the other close to $ 2，000．Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug， Avastin， instead of the costlier one， Lucentis．But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye．and using it rather than the alternative， Lucentis， might carry an additional， although slight， safety risk．Should doctors consider Medicare"s budget in deciding what to use？"I think ethically （在道德层面上） we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole，" said Dr．Donald Jensen．Still， some analysts say that there"s a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so．"In some ways，" said Dr．Daniel Sulmasy， "it represents a failure of wider society

to take up the issue．"

What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do？查看材料

A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take．

B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments．

C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions．

D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care．

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第9题

At 18, Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intel

lectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system(the "bubble-boy disease" , named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. "There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease, " Anderson says, "within 50 years. "

It' s not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $ 432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse, " says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene. "

At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramsoh Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson' s disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children' s brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children' s Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.

But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping". But the principle is the same, whether you' re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea, " says Crystal. "And eventually it's going to work. "

The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to______.

A．show the promise of gene-therapy

B．give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases

C．introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team

D．explain how gene-based treatment works

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第10题

Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

The more time children spend watching television the poorer they perform. academically, according to three studies published on Monday.【S1】______television viewing has been blamed for increasing rates of childhood obesity(肥胖)and for aggressive behavior, while its【S2】______on schooling have been inconclusive, researchers said.

But studies published on the topic in this month' s Archives of Pediatrics(小儿科)& Adolescent Medicine concluded television viewing【S3】______to have an adverse effect(反作用)on academic pursuits. For【S4】______, children who had televisions in their bedrooms--and【S5】______watched more TV--scored lower on standardized tests than those who did not have sets in their rooms. In contrast, the study found having a home computer with【S6】______to the Internet resulted in comparatively higher test scores.

"Consistently, those with a bedroom television but no【S7】______home computer had, on aver age, the lowest scores and those with home computer but no bedroom television had the highest scores," wrote study author Dina Borzekowski of Johns Hopkins University.

The American Academy of Pediatrics has【S8】______parents to limit children' s television viewing to no more than one to two hours per day--and to try to keep younger Children away from TV altogether.

In two other studies published in the same journal, children who【S9】______watched television before the age of 3 ended up with lower test scores later on, and children and adolescents who watched more television were less【S10】______. to go on to finish high school or earn a college degree.

A)Inadequate I)urged

B)available J)Excessive

C)regularly K)instance

D)therefore L)reception

E)access M)tended

F)likely N)Ordinary

G)impact O)Limitless

H)converted

【S1】

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