Modem technology and science have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of u

sing old materials. For the artist this means wider opportunities. There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a man's work. Observe how the development of plastics and light metals as well as new methods of welding (焊接法)has changed the direction of sculpture. Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object, to see its various sides overlapped with each other (as in Cubism or in an X ray). Today, welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past. This new method encourages open designs, where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form. itself.

More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modem artists, but no less influential, are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers, discoveries that have penetrated recent art, especially Surrealism. (超现实主义)

The surrealists, in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life, claimed that dreams were the only hope. Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious, they banished all time barriers and moral judgments to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past, present and intervening psychological states. The surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms. Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences. As to them, obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional messages of Expressionism. They did not need to smash paint and canvas ; they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought.

There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life. In a period when science has made revolutionary strides, artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories. At the same time, this has rarely been a one-way street. Painters and sculptors, though admittedly influenced by modem science, have also molded and changed our world. If break-up has been a vital part of their expression, it has not always been a symbol of destruction. Quite the contrary: it has been used to examine more fully, to penetrate more deeply, to analyze more thoroughly, to enlarge, isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier were apt to neglect. In addition, at times it provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world, but in fact to interpret it.

41.The author argues that Freud's studies .

A.are more comprehensible than other scientific inventions

B.are more controversial than any other scientific findings

C.have been largely influenced by contemporary arts

D.have found their expression in the Surrealism's claims

42.The Surrealism made every endeavor .

A.to transform. real existence into incoherent dreams

B.to diminish all time barriers and moral judgments

C.to express their disconnected unconscious thoughts

D.to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images