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The idea of special bicycle lanes is most favoured by ______.
A．the city government
B．some bike riders
C．people living far from downtown
D．some store owners
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In many countries of the world, there is special food for pets.It is common for big markets in many places to sell cat food and dog food.However, in a small town in France, there is a special restaurant for dogs.Dogs are the only customers.There is seating for twenty of them.The dogs choose from a variety of dishes on the menu.
Of course, in most parts of the world, pets don’t live in such wealth and comfort.P eople treat their pets in a more practical way.People own cats and dogs because they keep away mice and other unwanted animals.Owners have some loving feelings for their pets, but they do not see them as equal to family members.In most places in the world, there isn't any special clothing or fine food for animals.There aren’t any special restaurants for dogs.
Pets around the world live in a great variety of ways, just as people do.
21.According to the passage, in most countries _______________.
A.animals are in a worse position than human beings
B.people treat their pets like members of their families
C.there are special shops that sell clothing for dogs and cats
D.pets such as dogs and cats are very popular
22.According to the passage, there are _________________.
A.a few restaurants for dogs in every city in France
B.many owners of dogs and cats in the United States and Europe
C.no dogs or cats that wear clothing
D.some people who treat their pets far better than they treat their children
23.For many people, pets may have a more practical function because _______________.
A.pets are often useful companions for old people
B.cats and dogs can be used to keep away mice
C.pets can sometimes be sold to make money
D.some pets may show loving feelings for their owners
24.In your opinion, which of the following sentences is probably true？
A.Dogs and cats like to wear expensive clothing.
B.Many people visit the dog restaurant in France.
C.In some cases, animals have better food and clothing than people.
D.People in every part of the world like to buy fine clothing for their pets.
25.The main idea of this reading passage is _______________.
A.Dogs enjoy fine restaurants
B.A rich cat can afford to go to any restaurant
C.It is stupid to have special food and clothing for animals
D.People treat pets in very different ways in different parts of the world
听力原文： Ask the average American,"What is freedom？"You will probably hear,"It's being able to do what I want to do." When Americans think of freedom, they often think of individualism.They see themselves more as individuals than as members of a family or social group.
In American culture.freedom means equality.The Declaration of Independence states that"all men are created equal."That does not mean equal in abilities or status.For Americans,equality refers to equal worth and equal opportunity. Every individual should have an equal chance to improve his life.True,America has not always lived up to that ideal.For many years,Native Americans,African Americans and immigrants have protested their unequal treatment. But American culture still teaches that people can work hard and fulfill their dreams.Whether this idea is true or not,people hear rags-to-riches stories often enough to confirm it in the minds of many people.
Freedom arouses strong feelings for Americans.The idea of liberty binds people together in this"land of the free." However,problems still exist.One individual's freedom can conflict with the rights of others. Someone once said,"You have the freedom to swing your fist around if you want.But your freedom ends where my nose begins."People can also become too concerned about their own rights.They might demand special treatment.However,the path to freedom is not completely smooth.Even so,for Americans,no other road is really worth traveling.
What do Americans often think of when thinking of freedom？
A．Collectivism.
B．Equality.
C．Social group.
D．Individualism.
From the passage, we understand that______.
A．the author did not understand the importance of giving until he was in late thirties
B．the author was like most people who were mostly receivers rather than givers
C．the author received the same education as most people during his childhood
D．the author liked most people as they looked upon life as a process of getting
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that " social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influential, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication" : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required at all.
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don' t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global cascades"—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to （）.
A.analyze the consequences of social epidemics.
B.discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas.
C.exemplify people' s intuitive response to social epidemics.
D.describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs--or even to run a small electric motor--is almost unbelievable, but several kinds of fish are able to do this. Even more strangely, this curious power has been acquired in different ways by fish belonging to very different families.
Perhaps the best known are the electric rays, or torpedoes(电鳐), of which several kinds live in warm seas. They possess on each side of the head, behind the eyes, a large organ consisting of a number of hexagonal shaped cells rather like a honeycomb. The cells are filled with a jelly-like substance, and contain a series of flat electric plates. One side, the negative side, of each plate, is supplied with very fine nerves, connected with a main nerve coming from a special part of the brain. Current passes from the upper, positive side of the organ downwards, to the negative, lower side. Generally it is necessary to touch the fish in two places, completing the circuit, in order to receive a shock.
The strength of this shock depends on the size of the fish, but newly born ones only about 5 centime-tres across can be made to light the bulb of a pocket flashlight for a few moments, while a fully grown torpedo gives a shock capable of knocking a man down, and, if suitable wires are connected, will operate a small electric motor for several minutes.
Another famous example is the electric eel. This fish gives an even more powerful shock. The system is different from that of the torpedo in that the electric plates run longitudinally(纵向) and are supplied with nerves from the spinal(脊骨) cord. Consequently, the current passes along the fish from head to tail. The electric organs of these fish are really altered muscles and like all muscles are apt (likely) to tire, so they are not able to produce electricity for very long.
The power of producing electricity may serve these fish both for defence and attack.
It can be seen from the passage that（）.
A.the capacity to generate electricity is the distinctive characteristic of the fish
B.the current travels in an upward direction from the positive side to negative side in torpedo's electric cells
C.some fish can produce enough electricity to drive a number of electric motors
D.the torpedo' s electric cells have a shape with six sides
1.According to the passage, Nicholas Alkemade ____.
A、was a German officer during the Second World War
B、had often jumped from a height of about 18, 000 feet
C、was a British officer
D、calculated the height with a special instrument
2.Nicholas jumped out of his plane because ____.
A、he was a good parachutist
B、he would otherwise be burned to death
C、he wanted to become a hero
D、the Royal Air Force instructed him to do so
3.Nicholas's experience was ____.
A、only an experiment
B、just as he had expected it to be
C、something painful and quick
D、quite unimaginable
4.Which of the following in the passage was the name of Nicholas's plane？ ____
A、Lancaster
B、Gunnery
C、Trampoline
D、Asphyxia
5.The passage tells us that Capt. Joseph Kittinger ____.
A、served as a pilot during the Second World War
B、did not believe that people would die if they jumped from a plane without parachutes
C、made a successful free-fall land from a balloon
D、often forgot to open his parachute when jumping from a plane
A Debate on the English Language
A measure declaring English the national language is under intense debate in the United States. The US Senate passed two declarations last week. One calls English the nation's official language and the other says it is the “common and unifying(统一的)”tongue. But Americans found themselves divided on the issue.
Since people worldwide know that most Americans speak only English, many can't understand why the issue is so controversial(有争议的).
“The discussion is related to fears of immigration issues,” says Dick Tucker, a social scientist at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Mellon University. “It's related to a worry about the changing demography(人口统计)of the US. It's a worry about who will continue to have political and economic influence.”
In fact, the notion of protecting the language has been kicked around almost since the nation's founding. John Adams lobbied(游说)in 1780 for the creation of a national academy to correct and improve the English language. But his proposal died, since lawmakers saw it as a royalist(保皇主义者)attempt to define personal behavior.
Since then, the country hasn't had a national language, but the idea of recognizing the special status of English lived on.
The emotions surrounding language resurface(再次浮现)not because people feel comfortable with English. It is more about the discomfort many Americans feel with the new languages, says Walt Wolfram, a professor at North Carolina State University.
“Language is never about language,” he says.
According to the 2000 US Census Bureau report, of 209 million Americans over 18 years old,172 million speak only English at home. About 37 million speak languages other than English. Among them, 6.5 million speak poor English and 3.1 million don't speak English at all.
What are the two declarations concerned with？
A．The status of the English language.
B．The protection of new languages.
C．The rights to speak one's mother tongue.
D．The improvement of the English language.
Cultural icons are hard to define, but we know them when we see them. They are people who manage to go beyond celebrity (明星), who are legendary, who somehow mange to become mythic. But what makes some figures icons and others mere celebrities？ That's hard to answer. In part, their lives have the quality of a story to tell. For instance, the beautiful young Diana Spencer who at 19 married a prince, renounced marriage and the throne, and died at the moment she found true love. Good looks certainly help. So does a special indefinable charm, with the help of the media. But nothing confirms an icon more than a tragic death - such as Martin Luther King, Jr., John F. Kennedy, and Princess Diana.
(1)、The passage mainly deals with ______.
A：life and death
B：heroes and heroines
C：heroes and icons
D：icons and celebrities
(2)、Heroes and heroines are usually _________.
A：courageous
B：exemplary
C：self-sacrificing
D：all of the above
(3)、Which of the following statements is wrong？ _________
A：Poverty in America has been eased with the economic growth.
B：Superstars are famous for being famous.
C：One's look can contribute to being famous.
D：Heroes and heroines can only emerge in war times.
(4)、Beautiful young Diana Spencer found her genuine love________.
A：when she was 19
B：when she became a princess
C： just before her death
D：after she gave birth to a prince
(5)、What is more likely to set an icon's status？ ________
A：Good looks.
B：Tragic and early death.
C：Personal attraction.
D：The quality of one's story.
Now, health advocates say, an ill-conceived redesign-has taken one of the more successful public-health campaigns—the Food Guide Pyramid—and rendered it confusing to the point of uselessness. Some of these critics worry that America's Department of Agriculture caved to pressure from parts of the food industry anxious to protect theft products.
The Food Guide Pyramid was a graphic which emphasizes that a healthy diet is built on a base of gains, vegetables and fruits, followed by ever-decreasing amounts of dairy products, meat, sweets and oils. The agriculture department launched the pyramid in 1992 to replace its previous program, which was centered on the idea of four basic food groups. The "Basic Four" campaign showed a plate divided into quarters, and seemed to imply that meat and dairy products should make up haft of a healthy diet, with grains, fruits and vegetables making up the other half. It was replaced only over the strenuous objections of the meat and dairy industries.
The old pyramid was undoubtedly imperfect. It failed to distinguish between a doughnut and a whole-grain roll, or a hamburger and a skinless chicken breast, and it did not make clear exactly how much of each foodstuff to eat. It did, however, manage to convey the basic idea of proper proportions in an easily understandable way. The new pyramid, called "My Pyramid", abandons the effort to provide this information. Instead, it has been simplified to a mere logo. The food groups are replaced with unlabelled, multi-colored vertical stripes which, in some versions, rise out of a cartoon jumble of foods that look like the aftermath of a riot at a grocery store. Anyone who wants to see how this translates into a healthy diet is invited to go to a website, put in their age, sex and activity level, and get a custom-designed pyramid, complete with healthy food choices and suggested portion sizes. This is free for those who are motivated, but might prove too much effort for those who most need such information.
Admittedly, the designers of the new pyramid had a tough job to do. They were supposed to condense the advice in the 84-page United States' Dietary Guidelines into a simple, meaningful graphic suitable for printing on the back of a cereal box. And they had to do this in the face of pressure from dozens of special interest groups—from the country's Potato Board, which thought potatoes would look nice in the picture, to the Almond Board of California, which felt the same way about almonds. Even the National Watermelon Promotion Board and the California Avocado Commission were eager to see their products recognized.
Nevertheless, many health advocates believe the new graphic is a missed opportunity. Although officials insist industry pressure had nothing to do with the eventual design, some critics suspect that political influence was at work. On the other hand, it is not clear how much good even the best graphic could do. Surveys found that 80% of Americans recognized the old Food Guide Pyramid—a big success in the world of public-health campaigns. Yet only 16% followed its advice.
Trying to get Americans to eat a healthy diet is a frustrating business can be easily proved by the fact that
A．public-health campaigns cannot compete with tempting flavors.
B．snack-food and fast-food industries are flourishing in the US.
C．most food in America are profoundly rich in fat and sugar.
D．fat people account for a large proportion of American population.
Text 2
You' re busy filling out the application form. for a position you really need; let' s assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree.
Isn't it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form. that your diploma represents a Harvard degree？ Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University？ More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well - known university. Registrars at most well - known colleges say they deal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of about one per week.
Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then, if it turns out that an applicant is lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them "impostors"; another refers to them as "special cases" one well -known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made by "no such people."
To avoid outright lies, some job -seekers claim that they "attended" or "were associated with" a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that "attending" means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that "being associated with" a college means that the job seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century—that' s when they began keeping records, anyhow.
If you don' t want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of nonexistent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from "Smoot State University." The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the "University of Purdue." As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana is properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper.
26. The main idea of this passage is that ______.
A) employers are checking more closely on applicants now
B) lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem
C) college degrees can now be purchased easily
D) employers are no longer interested in college degrees
