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Workers in modern society care about the relation between what he produces and society as a whole.（)
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Passage Two
In agrarian(农业的),pre-industrial Europe, "you&39;d want to wake up early, start working with the sunrise, have a break to have the largest meal, and then you&39;d go back to work," says Ken Albala, a professor of history at the University of the Pacific, "Later, at 5 or 6, you&39;d have a smaller supper."
This comfortable cycle, in which the rhythms of the day helped shape the rhythms of the meals, gave rise to the custom of the large midday meal, eaten with the extended family, "Meal are the foundation of the family,&39; says Carole Couniban. a professor at Millersville University in
Peensylvania, "so there was a very important interconnection between eating together" and strength-eating family ties.
Since industrialization, maintaining such a slow cultural metabolism has been much harder. With the long midday meal shrinking to whatever could be stuffed into a lunch bucket or bought at a food stand. Certainly, there were benefits. Modern techniques for producing and shipping food led to greater variety and quantity, including a tremendous, increase in the amount of animal protein and dairy products available, making us more vigorous than our ancestors.
Yet plenty has been lost too, even in cultures that still live to eat. Take Italy. It&39;s no secret that the Mediterranean diet is healthy, but it was also a joy to prepare and cat. Italians, says Counihan, traditionally began the day with a small meal. The big meal came at around 1 p.m. In between the midday meal and a late, smaller dinner came a small snack. Today, when time zones have less and less meaning, there is little tolerance for offices&39; closing for lunch, and worsening traffic in cities means workers can&39;t make it home and back fast enough anyway. So the formerly small supper after sundown becomes the big meal of the day. the only one at which the family has a chance to get together. "The evening meal carries the full burden that used to be spread over two meals" says Counihan.
What do we learn from the passage about people in pre-industrial Europe？
A.They had to work from early morning till late at night.
B.They were so busy working that they only ate simple meals.
C.Their daily routine followed the rhythm of the natural cycle.
D.Their life was much more comfortable than that of today.
In the future there is no such thing as being an American manager. Even someone who spends an entire management career in Kansas City is in international management. He or she will compete with foreign firms, buy from foreign firms, sell to foreign films, or acquire financing from foreign banks.
The globalization of the world's capital markets that has occurred in the past 10 years will be replicated right across the economy in the next decade. An international perspective has become central to management. Without it managers are operating in ignorance and cannot understand what is happening to them and their firms.
Partly because of globalization and partly because of demography, the work forces of the next century are going to be very different from those of the last century. Most firms will be employing more foreign nationals. More likely than not, you and your boss will not be of the same nationality. Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a smaller fraction of the work force as women and minorities grow in importance. All of these factors will require changes in the traditional methods of managing the work force.
In addition, the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills. Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control; production workers must be able to do just in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a "don't think, do what you are told" to a "think, I am not going to tell you what to do" style. of management.
This shift is occurring not because today's managers are more enlightened than yesterday's managers but because the evidence is rapidly mounting that the second style. of management is more productive than the first style. of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different modes of behavior.
In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically illiterate regardless of their functional tasks within the firm. They don't have to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies, but they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not to bet on new technologies. If they don' t understand what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box, they will fail to make the changes that those who do understand what is going on inside the black box make. They will be losers, not winners.
Today's CEOs are those who solved the central problems facing their companies 20 years ago. Tomorrow's CEOs will be those who solve central problems facing their companies today. Sloan hopes to produce a generation of managers who will be solving today's and tomorrow's problems and because they are successful in doing so they will become tomorrow's captains of business.
The author suggests that a manager should hold a (an) ______ view on management.
A．economical
B．geographical
C．international
D．financial
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Twenty years ago, the Urban Land Institute defined the two types of cities that dominated theUS landscape: smaller cities that operated around standard 9-5 business hours and largemetropolitan areas that ran all 24 hours of the day. Analyzing and comparing cities using thelens of this basic divide gives interesting context to how investment capital flows and housingprices have shifted.
In recent years, many mid-sized cities have begun to adopt a middle-of-the-road approachincorporating the excitement and opportunity of large cities with small cities&39; quiet aftermidnight. These 18-hour cities are beginning to make waves in real estate rankings and attractmore real estate investment. What is underlying this new movement in real estate, andwhy do these cities have so much appeal？
18-hour cities combine the best of 24-hour and 9-5 cities, which contributes to downtownrevitalization. For decades, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized cities were abandonedafter work hours by workers who lived in the suburbs. Movement out of city centers waswidespread, and downtown tenants were predominantly made up of the working poor. Thisgenerated little commerce for downtown businesses in the evenings, which made business andgenerating tax revenue for municipal upkeep difficult. With the rise of a new concept in urbanplanning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularityfor urban areas that cased the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or NewYork, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and in smaller cities.
Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate modern housing and improvedwalkability to local restaurants, retail, and entertainment—especially when combined withimproved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit—makes them appeal to a more affluentdemographic. These adjustments encourage employers in the knowledge and talentindustries to keep their offices downtown. Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allowthe type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay openlater, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirementalike. Because of their smaller size, most keep hours that allow people to enjoy themselves, then have some quiet after midnight, as opposed to large major cities like New York, wherethe buzz of activity is ongoing.
These 18-hour cities are rapidly on the rise and offer great opportunities for homeownerinvestment. In many of these cities such as Denver, a diverse and vigorous economyattracted to the urban core has offered stable employment for residents. The right urban mixhas propped up home occupancy, increased property values, and attracted significantinvestment capital.
What do we learn about American cities twenty years ago？
A.A.A.They were divided into residential and business areas.
B.B.B.Their housing prices were linked with their prosperity.
C.C.C.There was a clear divide between large and small cities.
D.D.D.They were places where large investment capital flowed.
What does the passage say about kola nuts？
A.A.A.Their commercial value was first discovered by Portuguese settlers.
B.B.B.They contain some kind of energy boost not found in any other food.
C.C.C.Many were shipped to Europe in the late 19th century for medicinal use.
D.D.D.They were strange to the Europeans when first imported from West Africa.
Years ago, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized cities.
A.A.A.had hardly any business activity
B.B.B.were crowded in business hours
C.C.C.exhibited no signs of prosperity
D.D.D.looked deserted in the evenings
What characterizes the new downtown areas in 18-hour cities？
A.A.A sudden emergence of the knowledge industry.
B.B.Flooding in of large crowds of migrant workers.
C.C.Modernized housing and improved infrastructure.
D.D.More comfortable life and greater upward mobility.
What have 18-hour cities brought to the local residents？
A.A.More chances for promotion.
B.B.Healthier living environment.
C.C.Greater cultural diversity.
D.D.Better job opportunities.
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
The world of business is one area in which technology is isolating us. Experts say, for example, that many people will soon be able to work at home. With access to a large central computer, employees such as office clerks, insurance agents, and accountants could do their jobs at display terminals in their own homes. They would never have to actually see the people they're dealing with. In addition, the way employees are paid will change. Workers' salaries will be automatically paid into their bank accounts, making paper checks unnecessary. No workers will stand in line to receive their pay or cash their checks. Personal banking will change, too. Customers will deal with machines to put in or take our money from their accounts.
Another area that technology is changing is entertainment.
Music, for instance, was once a group experience. People listened to music at concert halls or in small social gatherings. For many people now, however, music is an individual experience. Walking along the street or sitting in their living rooms, they wear headphones to build a wall of music around them. Movie entertainment is changing, too. Movies used to be social events. Now, fewer people are going out to see a movie. Many more are choosing to wait for a film to appear on television or are borrowing videotapes to watch at home. Instead of laughing with others, viewers watch movies in their own living rooms.
(1)After work, Michael likes to ______.
A、listen to music at the concert hall
B、watch a movie in his living room
C、run a program on his computer in his office
D、play baseball with his workmates
(2)The sentence “Michael is imaginary, but his lifestyle. is very possible” means ______.
A、Michael is a person full of imagination and he can make his dreams come true
B、Michael is not a real person but probably the lifestyle. does exist
C、Michael has ambitions but he can't make his dreams come true
D、Michael is a person full of imagination and his lifestyle. is common nowadays
(3)In the modern world, people will
A、stand in line to receive their pay or cash their checks
B、see the people they' re dealing with
C、listen to music at concert halls or in small social gatherings
D、watch movies in their own living rooms
(4)What is the main idea of the passage？
A、We may no longer need to communicate with other human being.
B、Modern technology seems to be separating human beings.
C、We may no longer need to work in the office.
D、Modern technology makes it possible for us to work and entertain ourselves at home.
(5)What will the author most probably discuss after the last paragraph？
A、Games and sports.
B、Personal banking.
C、Music and films.
D、International business.
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.
Why do modern states invest in institutions of learning？
A．To get a repayment for what an individual's education has cost.
B．To get rewards for what they have spent.
C．To charge interest.
D．To give all the children free education.
Modern-day social work deals not only with poverty and the subsequent problems, but also with the problems arising from various types of “social fear” (“social phobias”) and discrimination such as sexism, racism, and discrimination against an individual due to his age, or mental or physical disabilities. Social workers deal with the consequences of these discriminations as well as consequences that arise from sexual abuse, drug abuse, and various other problems.
Social work provides an important service to society. Individuals and families in need of help are the focus of it, and are re ferred to as clients. Social workers help clients live a productive life in their own community. In order to reach this goal, they often enlist the assistance of family members, relatives, local religious leaders, and other influential members of the community. Although institutionalization may be necessary at times, it is a temporary solution. Social workers usually serve in the front line, and reach out to the clients soon after problems occur. The goal is to help clients return to normal life in a natural setting.
1. The charity originally means to {A; B; C}.
A. help the poor that makes the rich feel good.
B. help clients return to normal life.
C. serve the whole society.
2. When does social work begin？{A; B; C}
A. around the time of the industrial revolution
B. Biblical times
C. modern time
3. Modern-day social work deals with the following problems except {A; B; C}？
A. poverty
B. racism
C. education
4. In order to help clients live a productive life, social workers can turn to the assistance of {A; B; C}.
A. government
B. family members
C. businessmen
5. Which statement about social work is NOT True？{A; B; C}
A. Social work roots from charity.
B. Social work deals not only with poverty and the subsequent problems, but also with various social fear and discrimination.
C. Social work is that the rich people want to help the poor people.
Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist's trade or book-keeping(簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
It is implied that fifty years ago _______.
A．eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories
B．twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees
C．the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers
D．the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers
Task 2
Directions:This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 to 45.
Dear
Sir/Madam,
I am pleased to write a letter of recommendation on behalf of Sand River and its CEO, Mrs. Jane King. I am very familiar with the company. My next book deals with it in detail, while is to be published in autumn of 2018. I am also familiar with European consumer. As a Dutch citizen, I have lived in Europe for 46 years and studied European consumer behavior. for decades.
I believe that Sand River offers something unique to the European market. It has established long-term supply relations with herdsman(农民) families and owns advanced German machinery. Thus it combines natural resources with modern manufacturing techniques. But equally important, Sand River works with modern fashion designers to create truly contemporary and appealing designs. The result is a newly-established cashmere(羊绒) brand that appeals to a target group of high-income women.
I met Mrs. King the first time in 2013. Since then, we have met several times and talked about Sand River’s philosophy, strategy, and appeal to both Chinese and international consumers. I was struck by her deep knowledge about knitting(针织) technology, her enthusiasm for the brand, and her deep understanding of the cashmere shopper. I regard her as a “women of her word.”
To summarize, I believe Sand River products deserve a place in luxurious European department stores and Mrs. King is a reliable partner.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Sincerely,
Joan Smith
41.Joan Smith wrote the recommendation letter on behalf of .
A.a Dutch citizen
B.herdsman families
C.the European consumer
D.Sand River and its CEO
43.The target consumers of the newly-established cashmere brand are .
A.college students
B.blue-color workers
C.high-income women
D.average herdsman families
44.By saying “a women of her word” (Para. 3), the writer means that Mrs. King .
A.always keeps her promise
B.is a good public speaker
C.knows customers well
D.is well educated
45.As far as the European market is concerned, the writer thinks that Sand River products .
A.are fit for supermarkets in big cities
B.are likely to enjoy a big market share
C.will appeal to different kinds of customers
D.deserve a place in luxurious department stores
42.Form. the letter we can learn that Sand River .
A.has long-term links with herdsmen
B.employs many herdsman workers
C.manufactures advanced machines
D.sells hand-made products
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
Don‘t dismiss that possibility entirely About half of U.S jobs are at high risk of beingautomated， according to a University of Oxford study， with the middle class disproportionatelysqueezed Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots But manymiddle-class occupations-trucking， financial advice， software engineering — have arousedtheir interest， or soon will The rich own the robots， so they will be fine.
This isn‘t to be alarmist Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefitedworkers in the past The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs weredisplaced by mechanized looms， but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobsthan it destroyed Likewise， automation should eventually boost productivity， stimulatedemand by driving down prices， and free workers from hard， boring work But in the mediumterm， middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step， as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age，should be rethinking education and job training Curriculums —from grammar school tocollege- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complexcommunication Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skillsand helping students work alongside robots Online education can supplement the traditionalkind It could make extra training and instruction affordable Professionals trying to acquirenew skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S to revive itsfading business dynamism： Starting new companies must be made easier In previous eras ofdrastic technological change， entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways tocombine labor and machines The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven‘t beeninvented yet The U.S needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally， because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and laborincome， taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought Taxes on low-wage labor need tobe cut， and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded： Thiswould boost incomes， encourage work， reward companies for job creation， and reduceinequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years， yet this willbe little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation Destroyingthe machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts But policies to help workers adapt willbe indispensable.
Who will be most threatened by automation？
A.Leading politicians
B.Low-wage laborers
C.Robot owners
D.Middle-class workers
Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis onA.creative potential
B.job-hunting skills
C.individual needs
D.cooperative spirit
Which of the following best represent the author’s view？A.Worries about automation are in fact groundless
B.Optimists‘ opinions on new tech find little support
C.Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
D.Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
The author suggests that tax policies be aimed atA.encouraging the development of automation
B.increasing the return on capital investment
C.easing the hostility between rich and poor
D.preventing the income gap from widening
In this text， the author presents a problem withA.opposing views on it
B.possible solutions to it
C.its alarming impacts
D.its major variations
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
Many of the home electric goods which are advertised as liberating the modern women tend to have the opposite effect, so they simply __1__change the nature of work instead of eliminting it. Machines have a certain novelty value, as toys for adults. It is certainly less __2__tired to put clothes in a washing machine, but the time saved does __3__not really amount too much: the machine has to be watched, the __4__clothes have to be carefully sorted out, stains removed by hand,water changed, clothes taken out, aired and ironed. It would be more liberal to pack it all off to a laundary and not necessarily __5__more expensive, since no capital investment is required.Nevertheless, if you really want to save time you do not make __6__cakes with an electric mixer, you buy one in a shop. If one compares the image of the woman in the women's magazine to the goods advertised __7__by those periodicals, one realizes how useful a projected image can be commercially.A careful balance has to be struck: if you show a labor-saving device, follow it up with a complex recipe on the next page; on __8__any account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a __9__job, but instead foster her sense of her own usefulness, emphasize __10__the creative aspect of her funtion as a housewife.
