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Since the 1980s the spectrum of Britain’s poets has become more diverse in class, ethn
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更多“Since the 1980s the spectrum o…”相关的问题
What measure was taken against floods in London in the 1980s？
A．A flood wall was built.
B．Rescue teams were formed.
C．An Mann system was set up.
D．50 underground stations were made waterproof.
Of these factors, usefulness has probably been the most decisive. In ancient societies, as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and produce. Since all economic aspects of a society were closely tied to the operations of government, literacy became useful and even necessary for the keeping of records by officials. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy.
During the early Middle Ages, with the general breakdown of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literacy became largely confined to the church. But in the late Middle Ages, in the period of the Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world—usefulness.
With the invention of the printing press and inexpensive paper late in the 15th century there was for the first time a great availability of reading material for a much greater number of people. Religious reformers were among the first to utilize the situation, quickly getting translations of the Bible and educational tracts and booklets into the hands of many people.
The broadened religious enlightenment that resulted was followed in later centuries by a political one. Political theorists who favored doctrines promoting the natural rights of man called for an attack upon illiteracy. Political revolutions, particularly in the United States and France, helped inaugurate an era in which all classes were called upon to become informed on public policy for their own welfare. Against this political background there emerged the movement for universal popular education. Literacy came to be understood as a means whereby the individual could benefit and advance,* and gradually whole societies began to acknowledge that universal literacy among their citizens was an avenue to greater economic well-being.
What do we learn from the first paragraph？______
A．It is fairly easy to determine literacy
B．There is no illiteracy in a rich country
C．History sees an even progress towards literacy
D．In history literacy suffers ups and downs
根据以下材料，回答题
About Turkey
Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey"s application to join the European Union， to be voted on by the EU"s Council of Ministers on December 17th， are economic—— in particular， the country"s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far offthat of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 （Latvia）， and it is much the same as those of two countries， Bulgaria and Romania， which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1 st 2007.
Furthermore， the country"s recent economic progress has been， according to Donald Johnston，the secretary-general of the OECD，"stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier， a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey"s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972， and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year， $10 billion economic programme that will， according to the IMF"s managing director， Rodrigo Rato，"help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels， and enhance the economy"s resilience".
Resilience has not historically been the country"s economic strong point. As recently as 2001， GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994， and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed， throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons （along with red tape and corruption） why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment （as a percentage of GDP） is lower now than it was in the 1980s， and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion （whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003， as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000）.
One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day， Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what lm are now， i. e.， about E0.53 （$0.70）. Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year， but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.
What is Turkey‘s economic situation now？ 查看材料
A.Its GDP per head is far lagging behind that of the EU members.
B.Its inflation rate is still rising.
C.Its economy grows faster than any EU member.
D.Its economic resilience is very strong.
•For each question 15-20，mark one letter(A，B，C or D)on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose．
How to get to the top
Marketing used to be the route to the chief executive's chair，but the world has changed．Now，says Monika Hamori．professor of human resources at Instituto de Empresa in Madrid，it is finance chiefs who are most likely to get the top job，though experience in opera-tions-running parts of the companyis also essential．CFO Magazine found in 2005 that onefifth of chief ex-ecutives in America were former chief financiaI officers，almost double the share of a decade earlier．The importance of quarterly financial reporting，and closer scrutiny since the imposition of the Sarbanesoxley corporategovernance act，have put CFOs in the limelightand given them the chance to shine．
Another factor in reaching the top is whether you stay with the company you joined as a youngster．Ms．Hamori's research looked at companies in the S&P 500 and the FTSEurofirst 300．She finds that‘lifers’get to the top in 22 years in America and 24 years in Europe：‘Hoppers’who jump between four or more companies，by contrast，take at least 26 years on average to become chief executives．Insiders get promotions that reflect their potential，because their bosses have enough information to be reasonably confident about their ability．When executives switch from one company to another，however，they tend to move less far up the hierarchy，the researchers found．
The time taken to reach the top is falling．The average time from first job to chief executive fell from 28 years in 1980 to 24 in 2001．Successful executives are spending less time than they used to in each intermediate joban average of four yearsand they fill five posts on the way up．down from six．One reason for this acceleration is that company hierarchies are flatter than they used to be．Another important shift is the advent of female chief executives． 1n 2001 women accounted for 11%of bosses at leading American companies．ac-cording to the Hamori/Cappelli survey；in the early 1980s there were none．
America is usually regarded as the home of raw capitalism．with youthful managers hopping from firm to firm and pushing their way to the top．But the HamorL/Cappelli study and another by Booz & Company，a consultancy，show that Europe is a more dynamic and harsher environ-menl than America or Japan for chief executives．For a start，European chief executives are younger，with an average age of 54．compared with over 56 in America．The Hamor/Cappelli study shows that 26%of American bos-ses were lifers，compared with only 18%in Europe．
The Europeans also have a harder time once they get to the top.Booz ＆ Company's annual survey of chiefexecutive succession shows that 17.6%of European bosses moved on last year．compared with 15%of Americans and 10%of Japanese．Chief executives．the survey found，last longer in America：the average tenure over the past decade was just over nine years．But in Europe the average tenure over the same period was less than seven years．
Moreover．a whopping 37%of changes at the top in Europe were more or less firings，according to Booz，compared with only 27%in America and 12%in Japan．Booz puts this down to the more recent tightening of corporate governance in Europe,Another Booz finding is common to both sides of the Atlantic：looking back over recent years，board disputes and power struggles lie behind a third of chiefexecutive firings．In short，shareholder activism is making its presence felt，putting pressure on bosses to perform．
What is true according to the first paragraph？
A．CFOs'hard work leads to their increasing chances of promotion．
B．CFOs usually have no experience in management．
C．Marketing directors no longer have the chance to get a top position．
D．Chief executives used to be promoted mainly from the marketing department．
A.Since that
B.Since then
C.By now
D.Now that
