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Children and, later, teenagers have to learn to put a brake on their impulses, to t______ their desi
res.
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更多“Children and, later, teenagers…”相关的问题
Children from divorced families who marry later will ______.
A．have no trust in other people
B．be more likely to get divorced
C．firmly protect their marriage
D．have stable marriage
Early or Later Day Care
The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, (he father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone -- far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
Which of the following statements would Bowlby support？
A．Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day care for children at the age of three or older.
B．Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.
C．The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.
D．Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.
How did language arise in the first place？ There are many theories about this, based on various types of indirect evidence, such as the language of children, the language of primitive societies, the kinds of changes
that have taken place in language in the course of recorded history, the behavior. of higher animals like chimpanzees, and the behavior. of people suffering from speech defects. These types of evidence may provide us with pointers, but they all suffer from limitations.
When we consider the language of children, we haw to remember that their situations are quite different from those of our earliest human ancestors because the child, growing up in an environment where there is al- ready a fully developed language, is surrounded by adults who use that language and are teaching it to him. For example, it has been shown that the earliest words used by children are mainly the names of things and people ("doll," "spoon," "Mummy"), but this fact does not prove that the earliest words of primitive man were also the names of things and people. When the child learns the name of an object, he may then use it to express his wishes or demands.
"Doll!" often means,. "Give me my doll!" or "I've dropped my doll. Pick it up for me!" The child is us- ing language to get things done, and it is almost an accident of adult teaching that the words used to formulate the child's demands are mainly nouns instead of words like "Bring!" "Pick Up!" and so on.
Theories of the origin of language include all of the following EXCEPT______.
A．communication among primitive men
B．the need to communicate
C．the language of children
D．the first man's extensive vocabulary
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
The more time children spend watching television the poorer they perform. academically, according to three studies published on Monday.【S1】______television viewing has been blamed for increasing rates of childhood obesity(肥胖)and for aggressive behavior, while its【S2】______on schooling have been inconclusive, researchers said.
But studies published on the topic in this month' s Archives of Pediatrics(小儿科)& Adolescent Medicine concluded television viewing【S3】______to have an adverse effect(反作用)on academic pursuits. For【S4】______, children who had televisions in their bedrooms--and【S5】______watched more TV--scored lower on standardized tests than those who did not have sets in their rooms. In contrast, the study found having a home computer with【S6】______to the Internet resulted in comparatively higher test scores.
"Consistently, those with a bedroom television but no【S7】______home computer had, on aver age, the lowest scores and those with home computer but no bedroom television had the highest scores," wrote study author Dina Borzekowski of Johns Hopkins University.
The American Academy of Pediatrics has【S8】______parents to limit children' s television viewing to no more than one to two hours per day--and to try to keep younger Children away from TV altogether.
In two other studies published in the same journal, children who【S9】______watched television before the age of 3 ended up with lower test scores later on, and children and adolescents who watched more television were less【S10】______. to go on to finish high school or earn a college degree.
A)Inadequate I)urged
B)available J)Excessive
C)regularly K)instance
D)therefore L)reception
E)access M)tended
F)likely N)Ordinary
G)impact O)Limitless
H)converted
【S1】
They studied in the schools with kindergartens. And for all the children joining in the study, they give them a brief set of paper-and-pencil tests to look at which children appear to be at some risk for struggling to read. So far, fifty of them have been examined in a scanner, a specialmachine, to show brain activity. Written tests are not always able to identify dyslexia or otherproblems, while brain scans may offer a more scientific way to identify problems. And with reading problems, early identification is important. When it comes to helping children overcome reading difficulties, the younger the child, the more effective they are.
Reading problems are not usually identified until a child is in the third or fourth grade. The later children are recognized as poor readers, the less treatment can help. And, as Professor Gabrieli points out, poor reading can make education a struggle. Reading is everything. Even math and science have textbooks.
While the children are given tasks related to reading, the brain scans measure the extent to which certain parts of the brain become active while the children do the work. The scientists say they are pleased with early results from the study, but have a long way to go.
1.Dyslexia affects the part of brain concerning ________.
A. eyesight B. intelligence C. language D. emotion
2.Dyslexia problems are more likely to be identified through ________.
A. speech contests B. reading efficiency
C. listening comprehension D. brain scans
3.According to the passage, which of the followings has the best time to overcome reading difficulties？
A. Tom, a boy in the kindergarten.
B. Kate, a high school leaver.
C. Jane, a primary school student.
D. Steve, a man in his thirties.
4.What is the passage mainly about？
A. An effective way to identity Dyslexia at an early stage.
B. A learning disorder involving one’s intelligence.
C. Dyslexia — a problem affecting one’s reading and writing.
D. A possible solution to the problems related to Dyslexia.
请阅读Passage l。完成第小题。
Teaching children to read well from the start is the most important task of elementary schools. But relying on educators to approach this task correctly can be a great mistake. Many schools continue to employ instructional methods that have been proven ineffective. The staying power of the "look-say" or "whole-word" method of teaching beginning reading is perhaps the most flagrant example of this failure to instruct effectively.
The whole-word approach to reading stresses the meaning of words over the meaning of letters， thinking over decoding， developing a sight vocabulary of familiar words over developing the ability to unlock the pronunciation of unfamiliar words. It fits in with the self-directed，"learning how to learn" activities recommended by advocates of "open" classrooms and with the concept that children have to be developmentally ready to begin reading. Before 1963， no major publisher put out anything but these "Run-Spot-Run" readers.
However， in 1955， Rudolf Flesch touched off what has been called "the great debate" in beginning reading. In his best-seller Why Johnny Can"t Read， Flesch indicted the nation"s public schools for miseducating students by using the look-say method. He said——and more scholarly studies by Jeane Chall and Rovert Dykstra later confirmed——that another approach to beginning reading， founded on phonics， is far superior.
Systematic phonics first teaches children to associate letters and letter combinations with
sounds; it then teaches them how to blend these sounds together to make words. Rather than building up a relatively limited vocabulary of memorized words， it imparts a code by which the pronunciations of the vast majority of the most common words in the English language can be learned. Phonics does not devalue the importance of thinking about the meaning of words and sentences; it simply recognizes that decoding is the logical and necessary first step.
The author feels that counting on educators to teach reading correctly is_________. 查看材料
A. only logical and natural
B. the expected position
C. probably a mistake
D. merely effective instruction
The【C11】______ of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were【C12】______ called upon to replace men in the factories. On this 【C13】______ the U. S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools,【C14】______ $ 6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities【C15】______ this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared【C16】______ in day care centers receiving Federal【C17】______ . Soon afterward, the Federal government【C18】______ cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later【C19】______ them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their【C20】______ at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.
【C1】
A．latter
B．late
C．other
D．first
What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills, b) winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c) soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania, d) none of the above.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above". Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."
This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. or, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming are nearly always made, not born.
The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to ______ .
A．stress the importance of professional training.
B．spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
C．introduce the topic of what males expert performance.
D．explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
My aunt Edith was a widow(寡妇) of 50, working as a secretary, when doctors discovered what was then thought to be a very serious heart disease.
Aunt Edith doesn’t accept defeat easily. She began studying medical reports in the library and found an article in a magazine about a well-known heart surgeon, Dr. Michael DeBakey, of Houston, Texas. He had saved the life of someone with the same disease. The article said his fees were very high; Aunt Edith couldn’t possibly pay them. But could he tell her of someone whose fees she could pay？
So Aunt Edith wrote to him. She simply listed her reasons for wanting live: her three children, who would be on their own in three or four more years, her little-girl dream of traveling and seeing the world. There wasn’t a word of self-pity----only warmth and humor and the joy of living. She mailed the letter, not really expecting an answer.
A few days later, my doorbell rang. Aunt Edith didn’t wait to come in; she stood in the hall and read aloud:
Your beautiful letter moved me very deeply. If you can come to Houston, there will be no charge for either the hospital or the operation.
Signed: Michael DeBakey.
1.Aunt Edith_____when she knew she had a very serious heart disease.
A.stopped working as a secretary
B.didn’t lose hope
C.stayed in the hospital
D.asked many doctors for help
2.From the story we can see _____.
A.Dr. Michael DeBakey was not famous at all
B.Aunt Edith could afford Dr. Michael DeBakey’s fees
C.Dr. Michael DeBakey was experienced in dealing with Aunt Edith’s disease
D.Aunt Edith accepted defeat easily
3.In Aunt Edith’s letter to the doctor, ______.
A.she showed she was warm, humorous and enjoying living
B.she avoided talking about her children
C.she showed she was very sad
D.she said she had a little girl who dreamed of traveling and seeing the world
4.When Aunt Edith mailed her letter, _____.
A.she was determined to move the doctor
B.she expected some wonder would happen
C.she knew it would never reach the doctor
D.she didn’t expect the doctor would give her a reply
5.Michael DeBakey mainly told Aunt Edith in the letter that_____.
A.he was going to operate on her for free
B.he thought he was unable to offer help
C.her letter was well-written
D.her disease was so serious that he couldn’t cure her
In 1819, the same year that Louis entered the Institution, Charles Barbier, an army captain, reported to the Academy of Sciences on a system of raised dots and dashes which enabled soldiers to read messages in the dark.Later, Barbier brought his invention to the Institution.After experimenting with it, young Braille produced a writing system using only dots, from which he gradually devised 63 separate combinations representing the letters in the French alphabet.At the request of an Englishman, he later added the letter “w”, accents and punctuation marks, and mathematical signs.Although government bureaucracy prevented immediate official adoption, his system was used at the Institution as long as the director, Dr.Pignier, was in office.Pignier’s successor insisted on returning to the officially approved former system, but students continued to use Braille's method secretly.Eventually, its superiority was established and it was adopted throughout France.
(1).Louis-Braille first learned to read with the aid of _________________.
A.his father
B.special books at the Institution
C.the village school teacher
D.Captain Barbier's system of dots and dashes
(2).Louis's father kept him at the village school until he was ten because his father ________________.
A.wanted Louis to help him in the harness shop
B.thought it was not worthwhile to have Louis work when he was young
C.did not want Louis to live the same sort of life as that of other blind people
D.wanted Louis to remain with the family as long as possible
(3).Louis Braille did all of the following things EXCEPT________________.
A.teaching young children at the Institution
B.developing a writing system for the blind
C.learning to play musical instruments well
D.encouraging students to use his method secretly
(4).Charles Barbier originally devised his writing system for________________.
A.the Academy of Sciences
B.blind children
C.military personnel
D.the English government
(5).Braille's method was not adopted officially for some time because________________.
A.the students preferred the former method
B.the large library collection would then have been useless
C.Dr.Pignier's successor disliked Braille's method
D.the government was slow to approve it
