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Language style. affects long-term relationship strength and the compatibility of existing

and would-be couples, suggests a new study. Led by researchers at the University of Texas, Austin, the study【C1】______ our understanding of how language influences【C2】______. The group compared peoples use of " function words" which【C3】______carry any meaning on their own,【C4】______ help build context in conversations. Content words, such as nouns, adjectives and verbs, carry an【C5】______ meaning. Function words, on the other hand, vary in their use and help provide reference points in conversations.【C6】______, words like "the," " that" and " of"【C7】______ act as function words. The researchers conducted two experiments to measure language similarities. One setup【C8】______ 40 speed dating sessions among college students,【C9】______ the couples conversations were recorded and transcribed for【C10】______. The studys authors found that people who used function words similarly were more【C11】______to express romantic interest in seeing one another in the future. A second experiment measured the use of function words in the online chats of 86 couples over the【C12】______ of 10 days. The researchers found that couples that used function words similarly tended to still be together【C13】______. Three months after the data were【C14】______, the team discovered that 76 percent of couples【C15】______ similar language styles were still together compared to 53 percent of other couples that【C16】______similar styles of speech. The findings suggest that romantic compatibility may not depend【C17】______ on saying the right things but rather whether theyre said in a【C18】______way. James Pennebaker, a coauthor of the study, comments on the natural【C19】______ of these speech styles in a press release; " Whats wonderful【C20】______this is we dont really make that decision; it just comes out of our mouths.

【C1】

A．advances

B．transforms

C．overturns

D．reflects

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更多“Language style. affects long-t…”相关的问题

第1题

What can be said of the normal process of aging, from a linguistic point of view？ In gener

al (1)_____, there is a clear and (2)_____ relationship: no-one would have much difficulty (3)_____ a baby, a young child, a teenager, a middle-aged person, or a very old person from a tape recording. With children, (4)_____ is possible for specialists in language development, and people experienced (5)_____ child care, to make very detailed (6)_____ about how language correlates with age in the early years. (7)_____ is known about the patterns of linguistic change that affect older people. It is plain that our voice quality, vocabulary, and style. alter (8)_____ we grow older, but research (9)_____ the nature of these changes is in its earliest stages. However. a certain amount of (10)_____ is available about the production and (11)_____ of spoken language by very old people, especially regarding the phonetic changes that take place.

Speech is (12)_____ to be affected by reductions in the (13)_____ of the vocal organs. The muscles of the chest (14), the lungs become less elastic, the ribs (15)_____ mobile: as a result, respiratory efficiency at age 75 is only about half (16)_____ at age 30, and this has (17)_____ for the ability to speak loudly, rhythmically, and with good tone In addition, speech is affected by poorer movement of the soft palate and changes in the facial skeleton, especially around the mouth and jaw. There are other, more general signs of age. Speech rate slows, and fluency may be more erratic. Hearing (18)_____, especially after the early fifties. Weakening (19)_____ of memory and attention may affect the ability to comprehend complex speech patterns. But it is (20)_____ all had news: vocabulary awareness may continue to grow, as may stylistic ability—skills in narration, for example. And grammatical ability seems to be little affected.

A．speech

B．terms

C．ways

D．cases

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第2题

How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is

a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thought and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to present those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words.

The power of words, then, lies in their associations - the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something increases.

Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar.

1.The origin of language is _________.

A、a legend handed down from the past

B、a matter that is hidden or secret

C、a question difficult to answer

D、a problem not yet solved

2.What is true about words？ _______

A、They are used to express feelings only.

B、They can not be written down.

C、They are simply sounds.

D、They are mysterious.

3.The real power of words consists in their ______.

A、properties

B、characteristics

C、peculiarity

D、representative function

4.By "association" in the last paragraph, the author means ______.

A、a special quality

B、a joining of ideas in the mind

C、an appearance which is puzzling

D、a strange feature

5.Which of the following statements about the real poet is NOT true？ _________

A、He is no more than a master of words.

B、He can convey his ideas in words which sing like music.

C、He can move men to tears.

D、His style. is always charming.

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第3题

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language i

s a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those rounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters we call words.

The power of words, then, lies in their combinations--the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.

Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts, but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and feelings. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary (文字的) style. Above alt, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and rude.

The origin of language ______.

A．is reflected in. sounds and letters

B．is handed down from generation to generation

C．dates back to the prehistoric period

D．is a problem not yet solved

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第4题

A number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learn

ing English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.

What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner "poor"？ What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context？ These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: Chap. 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chabot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor".

Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local students seems to be a fruitful area of research.

In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style. or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they affect success or failure in particular language learning situation.

Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.

In Paragraph 2 "learner variables" and "strategies" are defined by reference to other writers ______.

A．because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important concepts

B．because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitions

C．because the present author is not sure what these terms mean

D．because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area

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第5题

The use of deferential （敬重的) language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman,

The use of deferential (敬重的) language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman, which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family and its male head. She is a dutiful daughter, wife and mother, master of the domestic arts. The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she "treads softly (谨言慎行) in the world," elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form.

Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic (语言的)ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential "women's" forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as "men's". This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women's language. Indeed, we didn't hear about "men's language" until people began to respond to girls' appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the "corruption" of women's language—which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality—and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly carried out by the media.

Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style. is no doubt something that young women have been expected to "grow into"—after all, it is a sign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one's social relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women—in a fashion analogous to little girls' use of a high-pitched voice to do "teacher talk" or "mother talk" in role play.

The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change—of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainly not a sign of the "masculinization" of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be "masculine". Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and out. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new subcultural forms. Thus what may, to an older speaker, seem like "masculine" speech may seem to an adolescent like "liberated" or "hip" speech.

The first paragraph describes in detail ___________.

A．the standards set for contemporary Japanese women

B．the Confucian influence on gender norms in Japan

C．the stereotyped role of women in Japanese families

D．the norms for traditional Japanese women to follow

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第6题

Why is it that some people seem to learn several languages without any effort while fo

r others learn？ing just one foreign language is neither enjoyable nor successful？ What makes learning a new language so easy for some and so difficult or others？

We each have our own preferred way of learning as a result of our cultural and educational back？grounds and our personalities. Experts have identi？fied different learning styles.

Visual Learners usually enjoy reading and prefer to see an image of the words they are learn？ing. Auditory Learners on the other hand prefer to learn by listening. They enjoy conversations and talking to others.

Some people like to learn by using their hands to touch objects？ while others like to move around and need frequent breaks from sitting at a desk.

There are Analytical Learners meaning they enjoy understanding how the language works. They love studying grammar rules and like to focus on de？tails whereas Global Learners are more interested in communicating their ideas and are not worried about whether what they say is grammatically correct.

In spoken English the Japanese tend to be Re？flective Learners. They think carefully before they speak to ensure their message is accurate. They do not make so many mistakes but their communication is slower. European learners tend to be Impulsive Learners. They speak more fluently and worry about how well they are communicating rather than how many mistakes they are making.

So to do well in a language？ you should identi- fy your style. and try to find a class that will teach you the way you want to learn. For example if you are a Reflective Learner you may not do so well in a purely conversational class and as an Auditory Learner you probably don't want to do so much reading. In fact if you are an Auditory Learner you are probably not enjoying yourself right now!

(1)The passage mainly talks about () .

A. the difficult learning styles of some people

B. the easy learning ways of other people

C. the different learning styles of the Japanese

D. the different learning methods of all the people

(2)Which of the following phrases isn't con？nected with the learning style？

A. The way people are taught to learn a language.

B. The place where people are from.

C. The size of people.

D. The kind of person people are.

(3)Visual Learners like to () .

A. see things

B. touch things

C. hear things

D. do things

(4)Auditory Learners like to ().

A. hear things

B. buy things

C. destroy things

D. paint things

(5)Analytical Learners() .

A. are similar to Global Learners

B. never worry about mistakes

C. love to study details

D. do well in conversation

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第7题

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other word, the origin of language i

s a mystery. All we really know is 【M1】______ men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express 【M2】______ thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they can 【M3】______ communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to present 【M4】______ those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters we call words. The power of words, then, lies on their associations — the 【M5】______ things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the long we live, the more 【M6】______ certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increase. 【M7】______ Great writers- are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully on 【M8】______ our minds and feelings. This charming and telling use of words is that we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of 【M9】______ words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should nevertheless learn to choose our words 【M10】______ carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and rude.

【M1】

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第8题

Some children are backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mot

her is insensitive to the cues and signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to mop up(吸收) language rapidly. There are critical times, it seems, when children learn more readily. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Linguists suggest that speech milestones are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ (Intelligence Quotient(智商. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and utters vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and under- stand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of thirty to fifty words. At three he knows about 1000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style. rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that for the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a teddy-bear with the sound pattern "teddy-bear". And even more incredible(不可思议) is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the hubbub(喧哗) of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in novel ways.But speech has to be triggered(触发), and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the cues and signals in the child's babbling, (咿咿呀呀) clinging, grasping, crying, smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbal cues is essential to the growth and development of language.

1.The reason some children are backward in speaking today is that ____.

A、they do not listen carefully to their mothers

B、their brains have to absorb too much language at once

C、their mothers do not respond to their attempts to speak

D、their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them

2.By "critical times" the author means ____.

A、difficult periods in the child's life

B、moments when the child becomes critical towards its mother

C、important stages in the child's development

D、times when mothers often neglect their children

3.Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage____.

A、The faculty of speech is inborn in man.

B、Children do not need to be encouraged to speak.

C、The child's brain is highly selective.

D、Most children learn their language in definite stages.

4.It the mother does not respond to her child's signals ____.

A、the child will never be able to speak properly

B、the child will stop giving out signals

C、the child will invent a language of its own

D、the child will make little effort to speak

5.Which of the following is true according to the passage____.

A、By the age of a year and a half the child's vocabulary is still under 100 words.

B、By the age of four children still make many grammatical mistakes.

C、The author does not believe that children select and analyse their language.

D、All children of high IQ start to speak early.

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第9题

The use of deferential（敬重的)language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman, wh

The use of deferential(敬重的)language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman, which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family and its male head. She ii a dutiful daughter, wife, and mother, master of the domestic arts. The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she "treads softly (谨言慎行)in the world", elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form.

Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic(语言的) ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential "women's" forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as "men's". This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has Led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women's language. Indeed, we didn't hear about "men's language" until people began to respond to girls' appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the "corruption" of women's language-which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality--and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly carried out by the media.

Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style. is no doubt something that young women have been expected to "grow into"--after all, it is a sign simply of femininity, but of maturity and refit, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one's social relations as well. one might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women--in a fashion analogous to little girls' use of a high-pitched voice to do "teacher talk" or "mother talk" in rote play.

The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change--of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainly not a sign of the "masculinization" of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be "masculine". Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using mole assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and out. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations to life stages, and adolescent girls file participating in new subcultural forms. Thus what may, to an older speaker, seem like "masculine" speech may seem to an adolescent like "liberated" or "hip" speech.

The first paragraph describes in detail ______

A．the standards set for contemporary Japanese women

B．the Confucian influence on gender norms in Japan

C．the stereotyped role of women in Japanese families

D．the norms for traditional Japanese women to follow

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第10题

How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of langua

ge is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thought and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to present those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words. The power of words, then, lies in their associations - the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something increases. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar. What is true about words？

：A、They are used to express feelings only

B、They can not be written down

C、They are simply sounds

D、They are mysterious.

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第11题

Many shops _____each other in style.

A.resembles

B.resemble to

C.similar

D.similar to

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