Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products a

第1题

nd services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.

If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer anti the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form. of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

What is the best title for the passage？

A．The Inherent Weaknesses of the Price System

B．The Complexities of the Price System

C．Credit Terms in Transactions

D．Resource Allocation and the Public Sector

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第2题

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market or

iented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make their profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen: and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be a bit up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.

The important factor in a private-oriented economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

In Line 9, Para.1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means ______.

A．Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

B．Americans tend to overstate their incomes

C．Americans want to have their incomes increased

D．Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

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第3题

How do propagandists argue for the U.S. drug pricing policy？ A) Low prices will affec

How do propagandists argue for the U.S. drug pricing policy？

A) Low prices will affect the quality of medicines in America.

B) High prices are essential to funding research on new drugs.

C) Low prices will bring about the anger of drug manufacturers.

D) High-price drugs are indispensable in curing chronic diseases.

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第4题

What happens during the first stage of effective team development().

A.Team members determine their group goals.

B.Team members get acquainted and begin to exchange information.

C.The team leader assigns roles to various team members.

D.The team learns how to solve problems and overcome conflict.

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第5题

如果一厂商有两个具有不同需求曲线的顾客，它怎样确定一种最优的两部收费？（假设它了解需求曲线

如果一厂商有两个具有不同需求曲线的顾客，它怎样确定一种最优的两部收费？ (假设它了解需求曲线。)

How can a firm determine an optimal two-part tariff if it has two customers with different demand curves？ (Assume that it knows the demand curves. )

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第6题

Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guara

ntee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.

Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. "Incomes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure individual rights," he says.

Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.

"No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary," he argues. "There is no private property without government--individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well."

Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. "We would not deposit our money in banks ... if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers," Olson writes.

Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices find the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees that there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. "If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力) to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade., and therefore at least some economic advance," Olson concludes.

Which of the following is true about Olson？

A．He was a fiction writer.

B．He edited the book Power and Prosperity.

C．He taught economics at the University of Maryland.

D．He was against the ownership of private property.

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第7题

现实生活中怎样利用限产来提高下列商品或服务的价格？（1)出租车服务; （2)餐馆或酒吧出售的酒类

现实生活中怎样利用限产来提高下列商品或服务的价格？ (1)出租车服务; (2)餐馆或酒吧出售的酒类; (3)小麦或玉米。

How are production limits used in practice to raise the prices of the following goods or services;(a)taxi riders, (b)drinks in a restaurant or bur, (c) wheal or corn？

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第8题

为什么相对购买力平价有可能在长期更容易成立？（考虑一下国际贸易公司对可贸易商品存在的巨大

为什么相对购买力平价有可能在长期更容易成立？ (考虑一下国际贸易公司对可贸易商品存在的巨大和长期持续的跨国价格差异可能会做出怎样反应。)

Why might it be that relative PPP holds better in the long run than the short run？ (Think about how international trading firms might react to large and persistent crossborder differences in the prices of a tradable good.)

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第9题

11. Personal property is classified as either () or intangible.12. A sales agreement is

11. Personal property is classified as either （) or intangible.12. A sales agreement is

11. Personal property is classified as either () or intangible.

12. A sales agreement is a () by which ownership is transferred from a seller to a buyer.

13. () laws are designed to protect both a person or firm that cannot pay its debts and the creditors involved.

14. The Chinese government () peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit.

15. If you want to get securities services, you have to pay a ().

16. A firm that does not introduce new products to () declining products will eventually fail.

17. Prices may be () based on costs, demands, the competition's prices, or some combination of these.

18. Understanding buying behavior. helps marketers to () how buyers will respond to marketing strategies.

19. Compensation programs include wages and salaries, incentives and () for workers.

20. An institution's purpose, mission, and strategy affect its ().

replace established structure advocates

benefits commission predict

contract bankruptcy tangible

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第10题

Passage OneHow much living space does a person need？ What happens when his space requireme

Passage One

How much living space does a person need？ What happens when his space requirements are not adequately met？ Sociologists and psychologists are conducting experiments on rats to try to determine the effect of overcrowded conditions on man. Recent studies have shown that the behavior. of rats is greatly affected by space. If rats have adequate living space, they eat well, sleep well, and reproduce well. However, if their living conditions become too crowded, their behavior. patterns and even their health perceptibly change. They cannot sleep or eat well, and signs of fear and tension become obvious. The more crowded they are, the more they tend to bite each other and even kill each other. Thus for rats, population and violence are directly related. Is this a natural law for human society as well？ Is adequate space not only desirable, but also essential for human survival？

This passage is mainly about ______.

A.living space and behavior

B.population and living conditions

C.interesting experiments on rats

D.a natural law for human society

What is the purpose of the experiments described in the passage？A.To determine how much living space a rat needs.

B.To see what happens when rats live in a limited space.

C.To know the likely effects of inadequate living space on human beings.

D.To find out the relationship between population and living conditions.

The passage suggests that overcrowded conditions ______.A.are directly related with population

B.may cause an increase in violence

C.may lead to high birth rate

D.may bring about pollution problems

How would rats behave when their living conditions become too crowded？A.They eat a lot and become friendly to others.

B.They sleep little and act quite peacefully.

C.They eat little but sleep soundly.

D.They become nervous and tend to be war-like.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第11题

Questions are based on the following passage． Saying they can no longer ignore the rising

Questions are based on the following passage．

Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care， some of the most influentialmedical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs， not just the effectiveness of treatments， as they make decisions about patient care．The shift， little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it，suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles， from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent．In practical terms， the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment—at the end of life， for example—is too expensive．In the extreme， some critics have said that making treatment decisionsbased on cost is a form. of rationing．Traditionally， guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine， and the latest ones areexpected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions， even though there"s no obligation to follow them．Medical society guidelines are also used by insurancecomoanies to help determine reimbursement （报销） policies．Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and fmancial

Overseers．"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget， but they shouldn"t be functioning simultaneously as doctors，" said Dr．Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital．He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients， "I"m not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it"s bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts．" Doctors can face some grim trade—offs．Studies have shown， for example， that two drugs are about

equally effective in treating macular degeneration， and eye disease．But one costs $ 50 a dose and the other close to $ 2，000．Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug， Avastin， instead of the costlier one， Lucentis．But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye．and using it rather than the alternative， Lucentis， might carry an additional， although slight， safety risk．Should doctors consider Medicare"s budget in deciding what to use？"I think ethically （在道德层面上） we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole，" said Dr．Donald Jensen．Still， some analysts say that there"s a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so．"In some ways，" said Dr．Daniel Sulmasy， "it represents a failure of wider society

to take up the issue．"

What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do？查看材料

A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take．

B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments．

C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions．

D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care．

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