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Brazil has become one of the developing world' s great successes at reducing population gr

owth but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to【61】birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard.

Brazil' s population growth【62】has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960【63】1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average. Martine says this【64】may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.

Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (通俗电视连续剧)and installment (分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect,【65】in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world's biggest producers of soap operas. Globo, Brazil' s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based【66】wealthy characters living the high life in big cities.

"Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values--not many children, different attitudes towards sex, women working," says Martine "They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and【67】people conscious of other patterns of behavior. and other【68】, which were put into a very attractive pack- age. "Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to【69】the poor to become consumers. "This led to an enormous change in consumption patterns and【70】was incompatible'(不相容的)with un- limited reproduction," says Martine.

(41)

A．increase

B．reduce

C．extend

D．improve

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第1题

Creative Destruction of Higher EducationA．Higher education is one of the great successes o

Creative Destruction of Higher Education

A．Higher education is one of the great successes of the welfare country．What was once the privilege of a few has become a middle-class entitlement， thanks mainly to government support．Some 3．5 million Americans and 5 million Europeans will graduate this summer．In the modem world universities are developing rapidly: China has added nearly 30 million places in 20 years．Yet the business has changed little since Aristotle taught at the Athenian Lyceum （雅典学园）: young students still gather at a specific time and place to listen to the wisdom of scholars．

B．At present， a revolution has begun， thanks to three forces: rising costs， changing demand and new technology．The result will be the complete change of the university．While the prices of cars， computers and much else have greatly fallen， tmiversities have been able to charge ever more for the same service because they are protected by public funding and the high value employers place on degrees．For two decades the cost of going to college in America has risen by 1．6 percentage points more than inflation every year．

C．For most students， the university remains a great deal．The total lifetime income from obtaining a college degree， in net-present-value （净现值） terms， can increase as much as $ 590，000．But an increasing number of students have gone deep into debt， especially the 47% in America and 28% in Britain who do not complete their course．As for them， the degree by no means values for that sum of money．And the government becomes more and more unwilling to fund the university．In America government funding per student fell by 27% between 2007 and 2012， while average tuition fees， adjusted for inflation， rose by 20%．In Britain， tuition fees close to zero two decades ago can reach $15，000 a year．

D．The second factor resulting in change is the labor market．In the standard model of higher education， people go to university in their 20s．A degree is an entry ticket to the professional classes．But automation is beginning to have the same effect on white-collar jobs as it has on blue- collar ones．According to a study from Oxford University，47% of occupations are at risk of being automated in the next few decades．As innovation wipes out some jobs and changes others， people will need to top up their human capital all through their lives．

E．By themselves， these two forces would be pushing change．A third——technology——ensures it．The internet， which has turned businesses from newspapers through music to book sale upside down， will turn over higher education．Now the MOOC， or "Massive Open Online Course"， is offering students the chance to listen to star lecturers and get a degree for a fraction of the cost of attending

a university．MOOCs started in 2008 ; however， they have so far failed to live up to their promise．Largely because there is no formal system of accreditation （认证）， drop-out rates have been high．But this is changing as private investors and existing universities are drawn in．One provider，Coursera， claims over 8 million registered users．Though its courses are free， it received its first $1 million in incomes last year after introducing the option to pay a fee of between $ 30 and $100 to have course results certified．Another， Udacity， has teamed up with AT&T and Georgia Tech to offer an online master"s degree in computing， at less than a third of the cost of the traditional version．Harvard Business School will soon offer an online "pre-MBA" for $1，500．Starbucks has offered to help pay for its staff to take online degrees with Arizona State University．

F．MOOCs will destroy different universities in different ways．Not all will suffer．Oxford and Harvard could benefit．People of great ambition will always want to go to the best universities to meet each other， and the digital economy tends to favor a few large institutions in charge of its operation．The big names will be able to sell their Moocs around the world．But ordinary universities may suffer the fate of many newspapers．Were the market for higher education to perform. in future as that for newspapers has done over the past decade or two， universities" incomes would fall by more than haft， employment in the industry would drop by nearly 30% and more than 700 institutions would shut their doors．The rest would need to adjust themselves to survive．

G．Like all revolutions， the one taking place in higher education will have victims．Many towns and cities rely on universities．In some ways MOOCs will further make the difference both among students and among teachers．The talented students will be much more comfortable than the weaker outside the structured university environment．Superstar lecturers will earn a fortune， to the anger of their less charming colleagues．

H．Politicians will come under pressure to halt this revolution．They should remember that state spending should benefit society as a whole， not protect professors from competition．The change of universities will benefit many more people than it hurts．Students in the rich world will have access to higher education at lower cost and greater convenience．The flexible nature of MOOCs appeals to older people who need training．EdX， another provider， says that the average age of its online students in America is 31．In the modern world online courses also offer a way for countries like Brazil to go ahead Western ones and supply higher education"much more cheaply．And education has now become a global market: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered Battushig Myanganbayar， a remarkably talented Mongolian teenager， through an online electronics course．

I．Rather than maintaining the old model， governments should make the new one work better．They can do so by supporting common standards for accreditation．In Brazil， for instance， students completing courses take a governmentrun exam．In most Western countries it would likewise make sense to have a single， independent organization that certifies exams．Changing an ancient institution will not be easy．But it does promise better education for many more people．Rarely have need and opportunity so neatly come together．

The introduction of automation affects the labor demand and then brings about the revolution of higher education．查看材料

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第2题

The Dragon－Boat Festival has become another public holiday in China. （翻译)

The Dragon-Boat Festival has become another public holiday in China. (翻译)

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第3题

______the ground covered with ice, the road has become very slippery.A．AtB．AlongC．OnD．With

______the ground covered with ice, the road has become very slippery.

A．At

B．Along

C．On

D．With

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第4题

Since the 1980s the spectrum of Britain’s poets has become more diverse in class, ethn

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第5题

She has made up her mind to become a doctor working for the （) ofsuffering.

A.relieve

B.relive

C.relief

D.believe

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第6题

In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean

production.Brazil is the world’s second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina.Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops.Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies’ attempts to legalize altered food.In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business.We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future, said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weid.This is both for health and environmental reasons.The other question is on economics.What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now.We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated.

Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization.ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent.When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property rights over these seeds, he said.

Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn’t mean GM seeds should be banned.He says fears over their usage are unfounded.Despite the official ban, Dr.Pavan says up to one third of Brazil’s soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina.Brazil’s government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S.biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.

The anti-GMO groups are hoping the politicians’ preoccupation with the October presidential election will give them time to gather enough support to defeat any future attempts to legalize genetically altered crops.

1.According to the passage, the issue in dispute in Brazil is ___________.

A、contamination of the environment by genetically modified crops

B、Brazils standing in the international market

C、the October presidential election

D、the legalization of genetically modified organisms

2.According to the passage, Brazil is the worlds _____________ soybean producer.

A、largest

B、second largest

C、third largest

D、fourth largest

3.Which of the following statements is NOT true about NGOs in Brazil？ ()

A、They believe genetically modified crops will harm the farmers health.

B、They believe genetic engineering is altogether a bad practice.

C、They believe scientific methods should be introduced to ensure GM brings no harm.

D、They believe GMOs will harm Brazil economically.

4.Which of the following statements is true about the organization called ActionAid？ ()

A、They encourage the farmers to produce genetically modified products.

B、They encourage the farmers to depend on themselves for seeds.

C、They strongly support the legalization of genetically modified products.

D、They encourage the farmers to upgrade their farms to bigger ones.

5.What does the Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan say about genetically modified products？ ()

A、Genetically modified seeds should be banned.

B、Brazil government should crack down on the smuggling of genetically modified seeds.

C、The fear over the use of genetically modified seeds is uncalled for.

D、Consumers should file more law suits to protect their rights.

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第7题

For many people, the stock market has become their only real option for saving for re

tirement.

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第8题

Don't you think environmental pollution has become more and more serious(英译中)

Don't you think environmental pollution has become more and more serious（英译中)

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第9题

After years of delay eh problem has now become urgent.()

After years of delay eh problem has now become urgent.（)

A.procrastination

B.dilation

C..dilution

D.sacrifice

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第10题

With the development of computer, the physical size of storeage device has often beco

me bigger and bigger.()

此题为判断题(对，错)。

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