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The problems Americans face concerning water are ground water shrinkage and tap water poll
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A．Y
B．N
C．NG
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C．NG
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Some of Bank of America's old magic seems to have rubbed off on New York's Citibank, perennial rival for top banking honors. Thanks to aggressive growth policies, Citicorp's assets topped Bank of America's for the first time in 1983 and by a healthy margin. Citibank has also been generating profits at a fast clip, enabling it to spend lavishly on campaigns to enter new markets -- notably Bank of America's turf in California.
The bad times Bank of America is currently facing are partly the result of the good times the bank enjoyed earlier. Based in a large and populous state and operating in a regulated environment, Bank of America thrived. Before deregulation, banks could not compete by offering savers a higher return, so they competed with convenience. With a branch at every crossroads, Bank of America was able to attract 40% of the California deposit market -- a source of high earnings when the legal maximum payable to depositors was much lower than the interest on loans.
The progressive deregulation of banking forced Bank of America to fight for its customers by offering them competitive rates. But how could this mammoth bureaucracy, with its expensive overhead, offer rates as attractive as its loaner competitors？ Pruning the establishment was foremost in the minds of Bank of America policymakers. But cutbacks have proceeded slowly. Although the bank is planning to consolidate by offering full services only in key branches, so far only about 40 branches have been closed. Cutbacks through attrition have reduced the work force from 83,000 to fewer than 73,000; wholesale layoffs, it seems, would not fit the tradition of the organization. And they would intensify the morale problems that already threaten the institution.
According to the passage, New York's Citibank ______.
A．is a dark horse in the field of banking
B．has been growing in a moderate way
C．has been making efforts to conquer the markets of Bank of America
D．has more branches than Bank of America now
听力原文： Ask the average American,"What is freedom？"You will probably hear,"It's being able to do what I want to do." When Americans think of freedom, they often think of individualism.They see themselves more as individuals than as members of a family or social group.
In American culture.freedom means equality.The Declaration of Independence states that"all men are created equal."That does not mean equal in abilities or status.For Americans,equality refers to equal worth and equal opportunity. Every individual should have an equal chance to improve his life.True,America has not always lived up to that ideal.For many years,Native Americans,African Americans and immigrants have protested their unequal treatment. But American culture still teaches that people can work hard and fulfill their dreams.Whether this idea is true or not,people hear rags-to-riches stories often enough to confirm it in the minds of many people.
Freedom arouses strong feelings for Americans.The idea of liberty binds people together in this"land of the free." However,problems still exist.One individual's freedom can conflict with the rights of others. Someone once said,"You have the freedom to swing your fist around if you want.But your freedom ends where my nose begins."People can also become too concerned about their own rights.They might demand special treatment.However,the path to freedom is not completely smooth.Even so,for Americans,no other road is really worth traveling.
What do Americans often think of when thinking of freedom？
A．Collectivism.
B．Equality.
C．Social group.
D．Individualism.
developing countries. Professor James West from North America argued that one of the key needs for developing
countries was to implement rigorous systems of corporate governance to underpin investor confidence in businesses
in those countries. If they did not, he warned, there would be no lasting economic growth as potential foreign inward
investors would be discouraged from investing.
In reply, Professor Amy Leroi, herself from a developing country, reported that many developing countries are
discussing these issues at governmental level. One issue, she said, was about whether to adopt a rules-based or a
principles-based approach. She pointed to evidence highlighting a reduced number of small and medium sized initial
public offerings in New York compared to significant growth in London. She suggested that this change could be
attributed to the costs of complying with Sarbanes-Oxley in the United States and that over-regulation would be the
last thing that a developing country would need. She concluded that a principles-based approach, such as in the
United Kingdom, was preferable for developing countries.
Professor Leroi drew attention to an important section of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to illustrate her point. The key
requirement of that section was to externally report on – and have attested (verified) – internal controls. This was, she
argued, far too ambitious for small and medium companies that tended to dominate the economies of developing
countries.
Professor West countered by saying that whilst Sarbanes-Oxley may have had some problems, it remained the case
that it regulated corporate governance in the ‘largest and most successful economy in the world’. He said that rules
will sometimes be hard to follow but that is no reason to abandon them in favour of what he referred to as ‘softer’
approaches.
(a) There are arguments for both rules and principles-based approaches to corporate governance.
Required:
(i) Describe the essential features of a rules-based approach to corporate governance; (3 marks)
Professor Kumar Bhatt, founder and head of Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), and Rob Meakin, a personnel director at Marconi, have developed a partnership to train engineers and managers to become e-literate. The New Knowledge Partnership will include a team of 40 Marconi managers in what Professor Bhatt calls electronic engineering management or E2. A wide range of engineering and non-engineering companies has expressed interest in these exciting programs.
Professor Bhatt believes that e-commerce is changing the business environment to a huge extent. Many chief executives do not understand the power of the new technologies and, in some cases, are actually resisting change. He says, "as long as enough industry leaders realize its potential benefits, e-business will make possible a second productivity revolution in Britain. This could take the economy close to eliminating the still substantial competitiveness gap with its main rivals. Over the last five years in the US there has been a 30% improvement in manufacturing sector productivity because of information technology. In Britain we can achieve more than that and successful e-business will be worth billions to the UK economy. " Already Britain makes more use of computer-aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) and management information technology systems than other European countries, and has a government. that actively promotes e-business.
But, observes Professor Bhatt, Britain has never used technology as a growth driver. "The thing about electronic engineering management is that you can keep your legacy systems; you just need to link those systems with an information engine. At the touch of a button it will allow project managers to see the status of a project, identify problems precisely and make virtually immediate decisions based on information that will be much more complete than in the past. "
The E2 program is the result of an alliance by the Warwick Manufacturing Group with America's leading e-commerce study center, Carnegie Mellon. The latter will be responsible for training many of the Marconi managers in America, where the group has half its business. In Britain, Professor Bhatt has linked up with Sun Microsystems, Oracle and Parametric Technology, to set up a multi-million pound E2 design and manufacturing center at the university which will be used for training and research.
Professor Bhatt believes that e-commerce is changing business to such an extent that WMG is likely to be renamed Warwick Electronic Manufacturing Group. But, he warns "The move to globalize because of e-commerce is racing ahead. Although the net allows British industry to overtake their European peers, it also offers Asian countries to leapfrog (跃过) the West. For the first time it is not the privilege of the western world because this technology is universal. "
Professor Bhatt and Rob Meakin have developed a method to ______ .
A．teach electronic engineering management
B．train employees to be acquainted with e-commerce
C．train employees to be engineers and managers
D．teach employees about developing a partnership
Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren't designed for【C4】______use. The“energy- efficient”sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis【C5】______indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So for 20 years, we've been focusing on these materials【C6】______to the molecules, looking for ways to make them【C7】______for people and the planet.
Home builders can now use materials- such as paints that release significantly【C8】______amounts of organic compounds-that don't【C9】______the quality of the air, water, or soil. Ultimately,【C10】______, our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating【C11】______healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil【C12】______reused by industry again and again. As a matter of【C13】______, the world's largest carpet manufacturer has already【C14】______a carpet that is fully and safely recyclable(可循环利用).
Look at it this way: No one【C15】______out to create a building that destroys the planet. But our current industrial systems are【C16】______causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So【C17】______of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are【C18】______a positive approach. We're giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a【C19】______effect on the world.
It's not just the building industry, either.【C20】______cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. Portland, Seattle and Boston have said they want to be green cities. Chicago wants to be the greenest city in the world.
【C1】
A．off
B．away
C．before
D．ago
Using computers, satellite hookups, and telephone hotlines, Eckberg's students have already followed a team of cyclists 11,500 miles across the continent of Africa, sat atop Mount ilimanjaro, and sweltered in the Sahara Desert.
This winter they'll interact with an expedition exploring Central America in search of the classic Maya culture.
You can join them.
How？ By following Eckberg and his class as they track the adventures of Dan and Steve Buettner, two world-class bicyclists from U.S.A. Starting last month these two bicyclists, joined by archaeologists and a technical support team, are interacting with students via the Internet, the worldwide computer network.
From classroom or home computer, students can make research proposals to the Buettners or the archaeologists at the various Central American locations they've been exploring as part of their Maya Quest expedition.
"We hope that someone will ask a question that can't readily be answered," says Hopkins High School student Barry Anderson. "and through the online activities, an answer will be found — a discovery!"
Having students "discover" why a civilization as advanced as the Maya collapsed in the 9th century is one key goal for the leaders of the Maya Quest expedition. The more important goal is using interactive learning to discover the cause of the decline and compare it to issues we face today — natural disasters, environmental problems, and war.
Ten lesson plans — on topics ranging from the Maya language to the Maya creation myth — have been developed for the interactive expedition.
"Through a combination of live call-in television and the Internet," says Eckberg, "we're hoping to build excitement and engagement in learning in our school."
Dan Eckberg and his students learn about Africa by______.
A．reading books.
B．watching video tapes.
C．interacting via the Internet.
D．cycling 11,500 miles.
Few realize that this Antarctic continent is almost equal in size to South America, and enormous field of work awaits geographers and prospectors. The coasts of this continent remain to be accurately charted, and the mapping of the whole of the interior presents a formidable task to the cartographers who undertake the work. Once their labors are completed, it will be possible to prospect the vast natural resources which scientists believe will furnish one of the largest treasure hoards of metals and minerals the world has yet known, and almost inexhaustible sources of copper, coal, uranium, and many other ores will become available to man. Such discoveries will usher in an era of practical exploitation of the Antarctic wastes.
The polar darkness which hides this continent for the six winter months will be defeated by huge batteries of light which make possible the establishing of air-fields for the future inter- continental air services by making these areas as light as day. Present flying routes will be completely changed, for the Antarctic refueling bases will make flights from Australia to South America comparatively easy over the 5,000 miles journey.
The climate is not likely to offer an insuperable problem, for the explorer Admiral Byrd has shown that the climate is possible even for men completely untrained for expeditions into those frozen wastes. Some of his parties were men who had never seen snow before, and yet he records that they survived the rigors of the Antarctic climate comfortably, so that, provided that the appropriate installations are made, we may assume that human beings from all countries could live there safely. Byrd even affirms that it is probably the most healthy climate in the world, for the intense cold of thousands of years has sterilized this continent, and rendered it absolutely germfree, with the consequences that ordinary and extraordinary sickness and diseases from which man suffers in other zones with different climates are here utterly unknown. There exist no problems of conservation and preservation of food supplies, for the latter keep indefinitely without any signs of deterioration; it may even be that later generations will come to regard the Antarctic as the natural storehouse for the whole world.
Plans are already on foot to set up permanent bases on the shores of this continent, and what so few years ago was regarded as a "dead continent" now promises to be a most active center of human life and endeavor.
When did man begin to explore the Antarctic？ ______
A．About 100 years ago.
B．In 20th century.
C．At the beginning of the 19th century.
D．In 1798.
The restrictive laws that the courts are interpreting are mainly a legacy(遗赠物) of the bank failures of the 1930's. The current high rate of bank failure--higher than at any time since the Great Depression--has made legislators 'afraid to remove the restrictions. While their legislative timidity is understandable, it is also mistaken. One reason so many American banks are getting into trouble is precisely that the old restrictions make it hard for them to build a domestic base large and strong enough to support their activities in today's telecommunicating round-the-clock, around-the-world financial markets.
In trying to escape from these restrictions, banks are taking enormous, and what should be unnecessary, risks. For instance, would a large bank be buying small, failed savings banks at inflated prices if federal law and states regulations permitted that bank to explain instead through the acquisition of financially healthy banks in the region？ Of coupe not. The solution is clear. American banks will be sounder when they are not geographically limited.
The house of Representative's banking committee has shown part of the way forward by recommending common-sensible, though limited, legislation for a five-year transition to nationwide banking. This would give regional banks time to group together to form. counterweights to the big moneycenter banks. Without this breathing space the big money-center banks might soon extend across the country to develop. But any such legislation should be regarded as only a way station on the road towards a complete examination of American's suitable banking legislation.
The restrictive banking laws of the 130's are still on the book because______.
A．the bank failures of the 1930's were caused by restrictive courts
B．banking has not changed during the past 50 years
C．legislators believe banking problems similar to those of the Depression still exist today
D．the banking system is too restrictive, but no alternatives have been suggested
Goal of American Education
Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.
Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone — not just for a privileged elite. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability, and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.
Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and "Americanizing" the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns.
The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities. Students spend much time, learning how to use resource materials, libraries, statistics and computers. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.
This is America's answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time: "How can one prepare today's child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand？"
Which of the following best states the goal of American education？
A．To teach every learner some practical skills.
B．To provide every learner with rich knowledge.
C．To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.
D．To train every student to be a responsible citizen.
What has been done to maintain the competitive position of the United States as a major manufacturing nation？ Unfortunately, it would appear too little has been done. While spending about $150 billion per year on research and development — more than the U.K., France and lapan combined — the United States has not paid sufficient attention to manufacturing and technology transfer. The National Science Foundation spends only 13 percent of its budget on engineering and only 1.2 percent on manufacturing. In Germany, 30 percent of the research funding goes to engineering and 15 percent to manufacturing. The U. S. Department of Commerce has only five government-run technology centers while Japan has 170 government-run technology centers bringing new manufacturing techniques to business.
In terms of scientific research, the United States has done very well. About one third of the world's scientific papers are produced by the United States. The nearest competitors are the United Kingdom with 8.2 percent, Japan with 7.7 percent and the former Soviet Union with 7.6 percent. Almost 50 percent of all references cited in other scientific papers are American; the nearest competitors are all below 10 percent.
Some of the problems of American industry can be illustrated by a few examples:
The number of hours it takes to build an automobile in the United States has increased; in
Japan it has decreased (by 60 percent between the years 1970 and 1981 alone).
It now takes half as much time to assemble a Toyota as to assemble a General Motors automobile.
It took nine years for the United States to go from research to production of Numerically Controlled (NC) machine tools; in Japan it took only two years.
Typical Japanese machine tool accuracy and repeatability are better than that of equivalent U.S. machines.
The use of robots in the United States lags behind other industrialized nations:
Japan 550,000
Europe 69,000
Former Soviet Union 62,000
United States 37,000
The Japanese use five times more Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) than the United States.
What would the author probably suggest in the section that follows this passage？
A．The U.S. should reduce the time needed to assemble an automobile.
B．Achievement of world class manufacturing is essential to the U. S..
C．The U.S. should take pride in her scientific research.
D．Japan is the leader in technology transfer.
A.the United States America
B.the United States of America
C.the Unit State of America
