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Studies show that the world in 2010 will be more crowded，more polluted and less stable e

cologically(在生态方面)than the world we live in now.Visible ahead is serious stress involving population，resources and environment.Despite greater food output，people in the world will be poorer in many ways than they are today.For hundreds of millions of the extremely poor，the outlook for food and other necessities of life will be no better.For many it will be worse.While the economies of the developing countries are expected to grow at a faster rate than those of the industrialized nations，the total national product per head in most less developed countries remains low.The existing gap between the rich and poor nations will further widen.World food production is estimated to increase by 90 percent from 1970 to 2010.Most of that increase goes to the countries that already have relatively higher per-head food consumption(消费).Meanwhile，per-head consumption of food in the developing countries will scarcely improve or will actually fall far below the present inadequate level.What is worse is prices for food are expected to double.As a result，many less developed countries will have increasing difficulties meeting energy needs.For the one quarter of mankind that depends primarily on wood for fuel，the outlook is not hopeful.Regional water shortage will become more severe.In the 1970-2010 period population growth will require twice as much water as it does today in nearly half the world.Still greater increases would be needed to improve standards of living.Development of new water supplies will become more costly.

1. According to the passage，in 2010 while output of food will be greater，_____.

A. people will have sufficient food supplies

B. the world resources will become more than enough

C. in most developing countries people will have less food than they have today

D. the living standards of the world's population will improve greatly

2. According to the author，in 2010 for many poor people，_____.

A. things will get even worse

B. things will be a little better

C. it will be necessary for them to improve their housing

D. it will be impossible to obtain enough necessities of life

3. In the 1970-2010 period，the large proportion of global increase of food production goes _____.

A. to 90 percent

B. to developing countries

C. to any country in the world that needs it

D. to those countries that already have high per head consumption

4. How does the author predict the development of new water supplies in the future_____

A. Water shortage will occur in some regions only.

B. Development of new water supplies will be more expensive.

C. The less developed countries need more water than the developed ones.

D. The demand for water will double with the growing population.

5. Which of the following may best serve as the title of this passage_____

A. The Future Problems in the World.

B. Water and Air Pollution.

C. Water and Food Shortages.

D. Food Production and Consumption.

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更多“Studies show that the world in…”相关的问题
第1题
Studies show that depression ______.A．is more common today than in the past decadesB．was m

Studies show that depression ______.

A．is more common today than in the past decades

B．was more common in the old generations

C．increased ten times in the days of our parents and grandparents

D．afflicts only young people

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第2题
Questions are based on the following passage．In the 1960s and 1970s， classic social psycho

Questions are based on the following passage．

In the 1960s and 1970s， classic social psychological studies were conducted thatprovided evidence that even normal， decent people can engage in acts of extreme crueltywhen instructed to do so by others. However， in an essay published November 20 in theopen access journal PLOS Biology， Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher revisitthese studies" conclusions and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience， butenthusiasm too——-challenging the long-held belief that human beings are "programmed"for conformity.

This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research （实证研究 ）programs conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early1970s. Milgram"s "Obedience to Authority" research is widely believed to show thatpeople blindly conform. to the instructions of an authority figure， and Zimbardo"sStanfordPrison Experiment （SPE） is commonly understood to show that people will take onabusive roles uncritically.

However， Professor Haslam， from the University of Queensland， argues that tyrannydoes not result from blind conformity to rules and roles. Rather， it is a creative act offollowership， resulting from identifying with authorities who represent vicious （恶意的 ）acts as virtuous （善良的 ） .

"Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive，mindless functionaries （公职人员 ） who do not know what they are doing， but ratherbecause they come to believe——typically under the influence of those in authority——thatwhat they are doing is right，" Professor Haslam explained.

Professor Reicher， of the University of St Andrews， added that it is not that theywere blind to the evil acts they were committing， but rather that they knew what they weredoing， and believed it to be right.

These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher"s ownprison experiment， conducted in 2002 in collaboration with the BBC. The study generatedthree findings. First， participants did not conform. automatically to their assigned role;second， they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identifiedwith the group; and finally， group identity did not mean that people simply accepted theirassigned position——it also empowered them to resist it.

Although Zimbardo and Milgram"s findings remain highly influential， ProfessorHaslam argues that their conclusions do not hold up well under close empirical scrutiny.

Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because offendersare helpless and ignorant; it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doingsomething worthy.

What does the author mean by saying "human beings are ‘programmed‘for conformity" （Line 6， Para. I）？ 查看材料

A.Human beings are designed to defy the instructions of others.

B.Human beings are forced to listen to the advice of others.

C.Human beings are ordered to take advice of others.

D.Human beings are made to be obedient to others.

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第3题
Before the summer of 2000, the 54 year old John Haughom could accomplish just about any th
ing at work. "I could move mountains if I put my mind to it."he says of those days. But that summer Haughom found he couldn't move them any more. On the phone with his wife one morn ing, Haughom broke down. A couple of days later Haughom checked himself in for a three-week stay at the Professional Renewal Center, an in-patient clinic 30 miles outside Kansas City that helps him deal with stress.

Haughom is far from alone. A host of new studies and plenty of anecdotal evidence show that stress in the workplace is skyrocketing. Whatever the cause, stress levels are at record highs. The statistics are startling. According to a new study by the federal government's Nation al Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, more than half the working people in the U.S. view job stress as a major problem in their lives. This year the European Community officially dubbed stress the second-biggest occupational-health problem facing the continent.

Ten years ago experts warned that stress was out of control, in part because of a shaky economy. What's notable about today's wave of stressed-out workers is that it rises all the way to the top. Lack of control is generally considered one of the biggest job stressors, so it used to be thought that middle managers carried the brunt: sandwiched between the top and the bottom, they end up with little authority. Powerful chief executive officers (CEOs) were seen as the least threatened by stress. But in today's tough economy, top executives don't have as much control as they used to. "Stress is just part of the job, fortunately or unfortunately, stress'is part of our character building," Lebenthal says. "But I think I don't need any more character building. What I need is a vacation."

But if you think that going on vacation is hard—and studies show that 85%of corporate executives don't use all the time off they're entitled to. Being able to handle stress is perhaps the most basic of job expectations. So among the corporate elite, succumbing to it is considered a shameful weakness. Stress has become the last affliction that people won't dare admit to. Most senior executives who are undergoing treatment for stress—and even many who aren't—refused to talk on the record about the topic．"Nothing good can come out of having your name in a story like this," one CEO said through his therapist.

What is this passage mainly about？

A．Increasingly serious lack of work places.

B．The second biggest disease in the world.

C．The most serious problem people have to face.

D．Increasingly serious stress faced by working people.

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第4题
Exercise is good for you, but most people really know very little about how to exercis
e properly.So when you try, you can run into trouble.

Many people 11 that when specific muscles are exercised, the fat in the neighboring area is “burned up”.Yet the 12 is that exercise burns fat from all over the body.

Studies show muscles which are not 13 lose their strength very quickly.To regain it needs 48 to 72 hours and exercise every other day will keep a normal level of physical strength.

To 14 weight you should always "work up a good sweat" when exercising.No sweating only 15 body temperature to prevent over heating.This is nothing but water loss.16 you replace the liquid, you replace the weight.

Walking is the best and easy-to-do exercise.It helps the circulation of blood 17 the body, and has a direct effect on your overall feeling of health.Experience says that 20 minutes a day is 18 amount,

19 your breathing doesn't return to normal state within minutes after you finish exercising, you've done 20

11.A.believe

B.wish

C.hope

D.know

12.A.reply

B.possibility

C.reason

D.truth

13.A.exercised

B.examined

C.protected

D.cured

14.A.gain

B.lose

C.keep

D.burn

15.A.reduces

B.raises

C.destroys

D.keeps up

16.A.While

B.Once

C.As

D.If

17.A.over

B.around

C.with

D.throughout

18.A.fortunate

B.possible

C.minimum

D.minute

19.A.But if

B.But

C.If

D.And if

20.A.enough

B.much

C.too much

D.much too

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第5题
Early or Later Day CareThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation fro

Early or Later Day Care

The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.

Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, (he father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone -- far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.

But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

Which of the following statements would Bowlby support？

A．Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day care for children at the age of three or older.

B．Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.

C．The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.

D．Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.

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第6题
Shyness is a psychological state that causes a person to feel discomfort in social situati
ons in ways that interfere with enjoyment or that cause avoidance of social contacts altogether. It can vary from mild feelings to moderately uncomfortable in social circumstances to debilitating levels of anxiety that interfere in children with the process of socialization. Shyness is a personality trait that affects a child's temperament. Some infants are born shy and more sensitive. Some of them are quiet when new people enter a room. A shy baby might sink his head into his mother's shoulder, while a baby who is outgoing might smile or squeal with delight when someone new visits. Some children may feel shy in certain situations, like when meeting new people. Other children may learn to be shy because of experiences in school or at home. As of 2004, research tended to distinguish shyness from introversion. Introverts simply prefer solitary to social activities but do not fear social encounters as shy people do.

Evidence suggests a genetic component to shyness. Studies on the biological basis of shyness have shown that shyness in adults can often be traced as far back ns the age of three. A Harvard study of two-year olds showed that, even at that age, widely different personality types can be recognized: roughly 25 percent of children are bold, sociable, and spontaneous regardless of the novelty of the situation, while 20 percent are shy and restrained in new situations. The remaining 55 percent of newborns fall between the extremes of shyness and boldness. These two basic temperaments were also recognized in studies examining infants as young as four months old. As children grow, their shy temperament tends to display itself in predictable ways: for example, in play groups at age seven, shy children play by themselves, while more outgoing children seek to play together in groups. Evidence of a genetic predisposition for shyness is found in parents and grandparents of shy infants who report childhood shyness more often than relatives of children who are not shy. Further evidence for a congenital link to shyness is found In studies that show that identical twins (who have identical genes) are more likely to be shy than fraternal twins (who are no more alike than other siblings).

Research shows, however, that 25 percent of the time genetic predisposition to shyness does not develop into shyness. Some researchers believe that a shy temperament may require environmental triggers, such as insecurity of attachment in the form. of difficult relationships with parents, family conflict or chaos, frequent criticism, a dominating older sibling, or a stressful school environment.

Research has also identified a strong cultural link to shyness. In the United States, shyness surveys typically show that shyness is highest among Asian Americans and lowest among Jewish Americans. Using culturally sensitive adaptations of the Stanford Shyness Inventory, researchers in eight countries administered the inventory to groups of 18 to 21 year olds. Results showed that a large proportion of participants in all cultures reported experiencing shyness to a considerable degree--from 31 percent in Israel to 57 percent in Japan. in Mexico, Germany, India, and Canada, shyness levels were close to the U. S. figure of 40 percent. In all countries, shyness is perceived as more negative than positive, with 60 percent or more considering shyness to be a problem. There is no gender difference in reported shyness, but males tend to conceal their shyness because it is considered a feminine Wait in most countries. For example, in Mexico, males report shyness less often than females do.

When shyness is intense, it can often lead to social anxiety disorder or to avoidant personality disorder, both characterized by the avoidance of interpersonal contacts accompanied by significant fears of embarrass

A．discomfort in social situations

B．the preference for loneliness

C．being sensitive

D．fear social encounters

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第7题
Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increas
inglyhigh expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook thepossibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, itseems silly to stay back a year, doesn&39;t it？ And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn&39;t feel9natural to spend a year doing something that isn ’t academic. But while this may be true, it ’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There&39;s alwaysconstant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated “race to the finish line, whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite commonmisconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits－in fact, it probablyenhances it.

Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generallybetter prepared for and perform. better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling studentsback, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities andenvironmental changes－all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap yearexperiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brandnew environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimationblunders.

If you&39;re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then considerits financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for EducationStatistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poorunderstanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to anotherafter taking college classes.

It ’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it cancostly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston College, for example, youwould have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from anotherdepartment. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save moneylater on.

31.One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that_____.

A.they think it academically misleading

B.they have a lot of fun to expect in college

C.it feels strange to do differently from others

D.it seems worthless to take off-campus courses

The word “acclimation ” （Line 8, Para. 3）is closest in meaning to_____.A.adaptation

B.application

C.motivation

D.competition

The most suitable title for this text would be_____.A.In Favor of the Gap Year

B.The ABCs of the Gap Year

C.The Gap Year Comes Back

D.The Gap Year: A Dilemma

Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps_____.A.keep students from being unrealistic

B.lower risks in choosing careers

C.ease freshmen’s financial burdens

D.relieve freshmen of pressures

A gap year may save money for students by helping them_____.A.avoid academic failures

B.establish long-term goals

C.switch to another college

D.decide on the right major

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第8题

An overseas student studies （）.

A.at home

B.abroad

C.at sea

D.on a ship

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第9题
The influence of climate on behavior. appears all-pervasive. Indeed, who can claim that we
ather factors have no influence on their decision-making？ Everyone can point to instances where plans and activities have been changed because of weather conditions. People's moods also change with the weather: bright sunny days seem to lift spirits, while dark rainy periods bring on depression.

Law enforcement agencies are beginning to show interests in the effect of atmospheric conditions on behavior. Every year, the FBI's Uniform. Crime Reports provide break-downs of the crime rates by month and season of the year. Both monthly and seasonal variations are considered to reflect the varying influence of temperature, precipitation, humidity, length of daylight, and a number of other climatological factors.

Various studies find relationships between specific climatological conditions and crime. Rising temperature is generally accompanied by increase in aggression and violent crime. On the other hand, high humidity appears to reduce the incidence of physical activity and aggression. Rain, cloud cover, and other forms of inclement weather are associated with lower levels of property crimes and increased depression.

Our study showed that low humidity has the most widespread influence on all types of crime studied. The analysis also shows that as humidity increase the level of crime decreases. Temperature also has a great effect. Increasing temperature fails to influence the number of nighttime burglaries/larcenies, but it does increase the other crime categories. Burglaries/larcenies (day and night) and daytime assaults also tend to increase along with cloud cover. Except for wind speed and barometric pressure with regard to daytime assaults, the remaining weather factors have virtually no influence on the levels of crime.

Individuals who respond with criminal behavior. to weather change or weather extremes may be controllable by administering drugs that offset these influences. Electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain may someday be a feasible countermeasure to aggressive stimuli due to increased temperature or other weather variables.

Changing or manipulating the weather is one possible means of attacking a weather crime interaction. This approach may not be feasible due to the many relationships between weather/ climate and the rotation of the earth. Minor changes may be possible such as regulation of rainfall of sky cover. On the other hand, temperature control may be impossible.

More research is needed to assess and clarify the relationship between crime and the various climatological factors. Once this is accomplished, it will be necessary to devise more accurate means of forecasting the weather, counteracting the effects of weather on human behavior, and controlling the environment, or identifying other approaches to the problem.

People are likely to be very active and aggressive

A．when it is rainy and cloudy.

B．as humidity increases.

C．when there is little moisture.

D．as temperature decreases.

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第10题
How are you getting along ____ your studies？

A.over

B.with

C.on

D.within

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